Various Server Applications Various Services-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Various Server Applications Various Services? Answer: Introducation Distributed computing alludes to the registering of a procedure or essentially a product which assists with getting entrance over different PC related assets like PC organize, capacity, different server, applications and different administrations. It is finished with the assistance of web. Numerous organizations have attempted cloud administrations for proceeding with their business. Distributed computing is gainful numerous ways [1]. The advantages rely upon the size of the business, the part of the business and the vital objectives of the business. The potential advantages that the organization S-store can get utilizing distributed computing are: Low of cost: The procedure of administration on request or request when required has helped business to contribute on the model dependent on operational use. Distributed computing has helped in bringing down the ventures on servers, licenses and programming projects. Distributed computing helps a great deal in lessening the expense as there is not, at this point any need of buying an own datacenter or keeping an IT group for the support of the information server [2]. Somebody having a MSP no longer needs to cover the tabs for venturing out starting with one area then onto the next and spares money time required to travel. S-bazaar can have enormous benefits and the dissolve use of the organization diminishes. Simple to update and simple upkeep: Allocation of IT experts for some different fills in as the cloud gives the server, programming projects and system. Each cloud supplier has their own IT specialists who are exclusively answerable for the administrations they give. The cloud sellers give the redesigned types of administration, which sets aside both Time and cash [3]. Each time a cloud specialist co-op puts resources into another arrangement it is made accessible to the cloud client helping them to utilize the most progressive devices and applications with no additional expense of purchasing those instruments or applications. As the organization has a lot of information and huge client base so it gets fundamental for the organization to overhaul its innovation utilized for putting away and ordering of information. In this manner, cloud innovation furnishes the organization with numerous advantages by giving it overhauled advances. Open from any area and from any gadget: Services gave by the cloud is available nearly from any area. Clients can get to the significant records, information, archives and IT apparatuses from any gadget having an entrance to web [3]. Besides, mists give the necessary data transfer capacity making it conceivable to work on the web and repeating the workplace condition accordingly helping the representatives work all the more profitably. As S-store has numerous product offerings, it gets hard to get to the information of those product offerings. Cloud administrations can help in getting to information of various areas siting at one spot. Continuation of business: Cloud helps in remote working. During fiasco the working method of a business proceeds. During times of normal catastrophe (downpour, flood, show fall) or in instances of robbery and innovation individuals have an alternative of working from various areas regardless of whether they can't arrive at the workplace [4]. Clients can just login to get to their work area and proceed with their work, as they would have done in their typical working days. Clients can get to the records, archives and information present in the cloud gave the clients have important access codes. Security: Previously the security issues in distributed computing were powerless however as innovation has made headways the security identified with distributed computing has likewise expanded. There is a truism that distributed computing improves the organizations resistance. Cloud specialist organizations put a ton in improving tying down their information framework to secure the clients information [5]. Cloud specialist co-ops put resources into improving the security to an ever increasing extent on the off chance that they gain benefits from the clients. S-shop has numerous information identified with clients and their buys so it gets significant for them to secure the information of the clients. Cloud administrations gives parcel of safety efforts so the organization can utilize all the safety efforts to spare the information from any sorts of dangers. Dangers with respect to distributed computing: Robbery or Loss of property: Businesses are depending more in putting away of information in the mists. When there is a penetrate in the cloud or in the event of any digital assault, the touchy information in the cloud are gotten to [4]. Break in the administrations terms and arrangement may happen. The information whenever lost will significantly influence the matter of the organization S-bazaar Consistence in guideline: The clients realize that their information are put away in the administrations suppliers cloud yet at the same time the client is responsible to its clients for any security and respectability issue that influence the clients information [4]. The client must know the norm and techniques that they are given to moderate the dangers. Area where the information is put away, who can get to the information and assurance level of the information: A client must know the area of their put away information and the protection and security laws, which apply to it. Doing this is important, as there is a danger of minimization of the privileges of the client [1]. At the point when a client doesn't have satisfactory lawful assurances then the client is at risk for a security penetrate. This implies except if and until the supplier gives recorded as a hard copy then it isn't at risk for a security break. Protection and Security of the information: There is consistently a danger of penetrate in protection of the client. Transferring of information to the cloud implies trusting on the suppliers security framework. A client must get some information about who approaches the clients delicate information and the physical and sensible security [1], which the supplier is utilizing to ensure the information. Accessibility of information and congruity of business: Cloud administrations relies absolutely upon the web association. This prompts a danger of poor assistance by the supplier and issues in getting to of the cloud benefits by the client [5]. This compromises the congruity of business. Loss of information and recuperation: Data misfortune may happen during a period of debacle or in instances of break. The recuperation procedure thoroughly relies upon the capacities of the specialist co-op. In this way, the client must know the abilities of the supplier and if the recuperation arrangement of the supplier is tried or not. If there should be an occurrence of any danger or fiasco the organization may lose the significant information of the clients. showcasing of information can cause challenges in reaching the clients as the week by week premise information is utilized by the organization for illuminating the clients and staffs. Tracking old information: Whenever an information is put away into the cloud, new information replaces the old information [5]. At the point when the client needs to get to the old information then it may get hard for the client to recover the information. Before putting away, any information in the cloud client must chat with their specialist organization about the maintenance of the past information. As there is customary transferring of new information by the organization so there is a danger of losing the old information of the clients and their buy subtleties. Security in regards to the earth: Data focuses are distributed computing are exceptionally thought with registering forces, information and clients making it defenseless against assaults of bots, malwares infections and numerous different things [4]. Accordingly, a client must know how much the supplier is set up to confront these sorts of challenges. Lockdown of the suppliers: When a client utilizes the administration then the supplier is in full control of the administration. A client has no assurance with respect to the costs of the highlights gave. There is consistently a chance of value climb or multiplying of cost. The clients and their customers relying upon the administration will undoubtedly follow through on the expanded cost [1]. In the event that the supplier server bombs then numerous online activities by the organization will get hampered . Plans utilized for distributed computing: Basic chart of a capacity framework in a cloud: Open APIs for information and the board Virtual process servers Intelligent capacity pools Physical Storage Servers Physical Storage Servers Square, document or item stockpiling Item Capacity Virtual process servers Cloud administration area 1 Cloud administration area n Design, Administration, Business congruity Personality, Access Management Service, (Access Control, SSO, Federation, STS, OAuth, User Provisioning, Logging, Auditing) Mechanized Life Cycle Management Stage as a Service Virtualized Infrastructure Mechanized Operations Framework as a Service Firewall API, CA, SSL, Encryption, Key administration, logging Security Automation Self-Service, Monitoring, Metrics Client and App personality, App Security Testing, AuthZ, Logging Server farm Centric (BYOS) Designer Centric Fully Managed Model Security Services-Infrastructure Security Services-Applications Cloud framework security plan: Cloud Policy Decision Service End User Cloud Policy Admin Service Log/Audit Service Cloud Authentication administration Record/Profile Provisioning administration Meter/Billing Service Meeting Client Profile Cloud Usage Records Log/Audit Store outsider Auditor Cloud Policy Store Endeavor Enrollment UI Cloud Provisioning Service Neighborhood Authentication UI Cloud Usage Report UI Outer IDP (Authentication Service Outer Policy Decision Point Outer ID Provisioning Service Endeavor Cloud Service Owner Cloud

Computers (end of humanity) essays

PCs (end of mankind) papers PCs are a piece of everyones life. Despite the fact that they do assist us with living a lot simpler lives, they additionally bring up numerous issues about our prosperity. Will our weight issue keep on ascending, because of numerous individuals sitting before PCs throughout the day? Do we have enough cash to stay aware of PC innovation? Are individuals going to become more ridiculous due to reliance on PCs for normal issues? Nearly everybody utilizes the web for reasons unknown or another. Imagine a scenario in which it out of nowhere quit working (Y2K), is there any way we could endure this. Will PCs assume control over all specialized gadgets? Assuming this is the case, it could bring about gigantic employment misfortune, which would place numerous individuals in the roads. I have been around PCs for a considerable length of time. I see how they influence our country, our landmass, and our reality. I think PCs are a vital piece of life, yet they can commonly accomplish more damage than anything else. The United States has a significant medical issue. Numerous individuals are overweight, in all likelihood due to being inert, which is caused to a limited extent by PCs. I am overweight and accuse it for the most part for PCs. I used to go through the entire day sitting before the PC, looking through the Internet. In any case, numerous individuals dont comprehend that there is a whole other world to do than play on the PC. Indiana is probably the fattest state in the U.S. what's more, numerous specialists are accusing PCs or TV. A significant number of the errands that our folks and grandparents canned presently be done over the Internet. This is something worth being thankful for, yet its likewise a terrible thing, making individuals become lethargic. Look ing for Christmas presents should now be possible completely over the Internet, permitting us to never leave our seat, or more awful, never consume any calories. PCs appear to cause individuals to get lazier than any time in recent memory. Our nation cannot deal with turning into any progressively undesirable. The issue is as of now genuine enough. We dont need this to make the finish of our incredible country. The best way to... <!

Robert Frosts Desert Places Essay -- Poem Poet Poems Desert Places Fr

Robert Frost's Desert Places One of the most stupendous graceful works of T.S Eliot is ‘The Waste Land’. The sonnet develops as an enormous illustration for despairing, depression, isolation the unavoidable allies of human presence. Comparative sorts of sentiments are evoked by Robert Frost in ‘Desert Places’. The title is reminiscent of a state of mind of vacancy. For an incredible duration we cross different deserts to discover our fate. The excellence of the sonnet lies in the combination †the gathering point desert outside in the nature with the desert inside. This turns into the point of convergence of the sonnet. The bleak opening is demonstrated by the falling day off the propelling night. The writer watches the situation as the snow covers the earth and the murkiness plunges in general scene. Two components which assume a significant job in the unfolding of the state of mind are day off night. The falling snow before long covers the sporadic spiked surface of the earth and this visual scene is step by step overpowering the faculties and affectability as the brain is going in a condition of deadness. In such a condition of deadness one gets concerned and limited with ones own self. The writer is attempting to discover shelter in the lap of nature yet the virus whiffs of night seals out his methodology. The falling snow has additionally exasperated the odds of his gathering with nature. ‘I’ shows the methodology towards nature easing back down and collapsing one’s own self. The writer follows his means back to his recollections for some glow in this blanketed landscape....

Jenny from Forrest Gump Personality Trait Analysis free essay sample

We initially meet Jenny when she benevolently offers Forrest the seat close to her on the transport when the various kids said â€Å"this seat’s taken. † After that Jenny and Forrest turned out to be closest companions with her instructing Forrest to peruse and faced his domineering jerks, while Forrest remained with her and implored when Jenny’s father would holler at her in his smashed daze. Jenny’s father genuinely and explicitly manhandled her sisters and her all through their youth which lastingly affects Jenny. The advancement of a feeling of self is believed to be one of the most punctual formative assignments of the newborn child and small kid, regularly unfurling with regards to early connections. How a kid is dealt with (or abused) right off the bat in life impacts their developing mindfulness. Therefore, serious youngster abuse †including early and supported sexual maltreatment †may meddle with the child’s improvement of a feeli ng of self† (Briere amp; Elliott, 1994, p. 58). Just as being caring and charitable to Forrest, Jenny is likewise averagely astute †she instructs Forrest to peruse, valiant and strong †she remains by Forrest when different young men menace him and on the grounds that she advise him to â€Å"run Forrest, run! † he breaks out of his leg supports and finds an ability in running, very quick that gets him a football grant to the University of Alabama. As they get more seasoned, Jenny turns out to be increasingly unconventional and untamed. She can't remain focused on something and builds up a significant level of wantonness. Sexual excitement and positive sexual consideration can incidentally cover or disperse ceaseless maltreatment related passionate agony by giving increasingly pleasurable or trouble inconsistent experiences† (Briere amp; Elliott, 1994, p. 61). She is resolved to escape Alabama and make a big deal about herself by any and all conceivable means and ribald conduct is the least demanding path for her to do it. â€Å"Hedonic and eudemonic joy reflect two unmistakable mental states. By attempting to expand delights and staying away from dismays, the libertine methodology actuates a variance joy in which periods of joy and disappointment substituted over and again. The experience of joy is essentially transient and ward up circumstances† (Dambrun amp; Ricard, 2011, p. 139). In school Forrest discovers her kissing another kid in his vehicle and mix-ups it for a physical assault bringing about the kid getting hit. In the wake of hollering at Forrest she sneaks him into her dormitory for the evening. Later she gets kicked out of the all-girls’ school for presenting in Playboy magazine. When Forrest is in the military and visit’s Jenny to hear her sing (she needed to be a people artist like Joan Baez), he discovers her singing and playing guitar exposed with some male benefactors annoying her. Once more, Forrest steps in and hits the men to ensure Jenny. She gets frantic at Forrest from the start yet then mourns on how critical her life is the means by which discouraged she is, and has considered consummation it. Through all the feelings, Jenny despite everything thinks about Forrest and advises him to â€Å"not to be bold and run† when he discloses to her he is going to Vietnam. While Forrest is over in Vietnam battling, Jenny has become a hipster and ventures to every part of the nation with ‘friends. ’ The two are brought together during a war rally and Jenny takes Forrest to a Black Panthers party where her beau Wesley is and winds up hitting Jenny with Forrest seeing this. Forrest comes to Jenny’s barrier and punches Wesley and she leaves with Forrest. They wind up talking the entire night however in the first part of the day when they are bidding farewell, Jenny returns to Wesley. Whenever we see Jenny is the point at which she is high on a medication (in all likelihood cocaine). â€Å"It is conceivable that the utilization of specific medications every so often produces what we call benevolence. Such encounters are transitory, as they rely upon the psychopharmacological activities of the substances† (Dambrun amp; Ricard, 2011, p. 151). There is a man resting in the bed and she goes out onto the overhang, moves up on the railing and gets ready to bounce. She alters her perspective however is clearly upset and has a psychological breakdown, crying. At some point thereafter, she returns to Greenbow, Alabama and Forrest. They are glad for a brief timeframe; Jenny in any event, going up against the house she was conceived in and lived with her dad however one night Forrest requests that her wed him and she dismisses him saying she isn't the sort of young lady he needs to wed. â€Å"Researchers found those with a background marked by misuse experienced more noteworthy suggestive trouble, less fortunate relational working, and lower confidence contrasted and a clinical example with no maltreatment history† (Price, et al. 2004, p. 379). Hurt and irate, Forrest leaves yet soon thereafter Jenny comes to him, discloses to him she loves him and they engage in sexual relations. The impulse to escape raises its head and when Forrest gets up in the first part of the day, Jenny has left. â€Å"Individuals who experience sincerely damaging c onnection connections in adolescence are at an unmistakable inconvenience in relational settings since they build up a twisted comprehension of what adoring and caring connections involve† (Riggs, Cusimano amp; Benson, 2011, p 126). A couple of years and a great deal of running later, Forrest goes to visit Jenny at her solicitation. After showing up at her loft, she discloses to Forrest how she stayed aware of the considerable number of articles about his running adventures and they make up for lost time. During the visit, Jenny’s child is dropped off by the sitter and Forrest discovers that he is the child’s father and given a similar name. Jenny discloses to Forrest she is wiped out and kicking the bucket so Forrest takes her and little Forrest back to Greenbow with him. Not long after settling in, Jenny asks Forrest to wed her and he concurs. They are a cheerful family for a couple of months before Jenny dies, leaving Forrest to deal with Forrest Jr. â€Å"Traits contribute significantly to numerous significant results, for example, scholarly execution, word related fulfillment, separate, life fulfillment, emotional prosperity, physical ailment, and longevity† (Kotov, et al. , 2010, p. 770). Applying Jenny’s character with the more unmistakably quantifiable quality hypothesis and the diverse factor models of Eysenck, Cattell, and McCrae amp; Costa we see that she is an outgoing individual (I. . active and amiable). She has no issue taking part in discussions with new individuals †permitting Forrest to sit with her, meeting and welcome his companions at their wedding, and as a server you cooperate with clients; she isn't reluctant to be in enormous groups †the open discourse in Washington, D. C. , the Black Panthers party, jumping on the transport brimming with radicals; and she has no second though ts being at the center of attention †singing and playing guitar exposed in front of an audience and hopping into the reflection pool at the political assembly in D. C. She isn't genuinely sincerely steady however not psychotic, has little motivation control, is open and pleasing, and not all scrupulous. â€Å"At the quality level, Negative Affect (NA) is an expansive and unavoidable inclination to encounter negative feelings that has further impacts on discernment, self-idea, and world view. Interestingly, Positive Affect (PA) is a measurement reflecting one’s degree of pleasurable commitment with the environment† (Watson amp; Clark, 1988, p. 347). The rundown of attributes that portray her are: ociable, energetic, dynamic, sensation chasing, bold, discouraged, sentiments of blame, low confidence, indiscreet, inventive, now and again agreeable with men other than Forrest, low in super personality, confident (however semi-reliant on men simultaneously), bunch subordinate, wants to join and tail others, uncontrolled, friendly, kind, strong, gutsy, liberal, testing, ingenious, autonomous, shaky, carefree, warm (truly at any rate), bra ve, genial, caring, trusting, obliging. Neuroticism and extraversion, the two attributes have solid and orderly connects to enthusiastic experience. In particular, neuroticism is unequivocally and comprehensively connected with singular contrasts in negative affectivity, while extraversion is emphatically connected with positive emotionality† (Watson, Gamez amp; Simms, 2005, p. 48). The psychodynamic point of view discovers Jenny with a prescription high life nature, high charisma, and high demise intuition as a result of her drive to take the necessary steps to give food and water (liquor) for herself, her steady requirement for closeness and connections just as liquor and medications to bring herself delight, and on account of these activities she is gradually rotting and wrecking her body and brain (Shultz amp; Shutlz, 2009, p. 55). With Jenny her Id is in charges and is progressively noticeable that her sense of self and superego. Or then again rather her sense of self does an incredibly poor activity of keeping up balance between the other two. She is constantly engaged with something that gives moment delight and disrupts cultural guidelines and standards of the time; modeling for playboy, stripping, turning into a radical, medication and liquor use, pre-marriage sex, youngster without any father present, and living together (Shultz amp; Shutlz, 2009, p. 57). â€Å"It appears to be likely that continued medication or liquor misuse permits the maltreatment survivor to isolate mentally from the earth, anesthetize difficult inside states, and obscure troubling memories† (Briere amp; Elliott, 1994, p. 60). The distinctive resistance components she shows are constraint, response development, legitimization, and dislodging. Everything Jenny does is to cover up/supplant/compensate for all the maltreatment she endured because of her dad. The sex, medications, and liquor use is a demonstration of explicit dismissal for cultural standards and her method of attempting to be an unexpected individual in comparison to that feeble youngster she was. â€Å"In all social orders, preparing of kids happens, and social controls are set up to guarantee that kids are mingled †that is, brought

An Aim Of The Electoral College - Free Essay Example

Time for a change: Electoral College The Electoral College was designed and founded in a time when the United States was far more decentralized than today. When the Constitution was written itrs arguable that states were more powerful than the central government. Throughout our history, extraordinary change has occurred, including the abolition of slavery, womenrs suffrage, the passing of the civil rights acts, and the legalization of gay marriage. However, although the country as a whole has progressed, and continues to progress, there has been little change since the framing of the Constitution 229 years ago regarding the electoral college. The President has the power and the responsibility to administer laws, declare foreign policy, and guide the people, representing them as head of state. It is crucial that this elected official truly represents the people he serves. In order for the rule of law to democratically reflect the needs of the American people, there must be change to coincide with an ever-changing nation and world. Currently the Electoral College is more of a relevant problem than ever before, with this past election recently contributing to history books as the 5th time the winner of the election did not win the popular vote, but won the electoral votes. I believe it is time for a change, a reformation where the people are able to grasp the power that should have been theirs from the creation of their nation. The power for the people to be able to protect the future of our country must not be besmirched by antiquated customs. I am of the opinion that the Electoral College is an archaic system, that needs to be abandoned or deeply revised in order for the President to truly represent the People of the United States. A key purpose of the Electoral College is for every, state regardless of size, to have a say in who becomes the representative of the American people, however this resulted in over representation of the small states and the Electoral College favors small states over large states rather than equal representation for all. Rather than an outdated system that provides more powerful votes to a person in some states rather than others, based merely on state of residence, I believe that every individualrs vote should be as impactful as the rest. No greater, no less. The development of the Electoral College system was a rather logical solution when first implemented, due to the fact that the President was meant to be a leader of the individual states more than he was meant to be a leader of the people. The founding fathers in fact feared democracy and as a result established the Electoral College to protect the people from themselves, they believed too much power in the hands of the people bestowed by direct democracy could result in the people being misled by a tyrannical presidential candidate they could elect, or a tyranny of the majority, as said by founding father John Adams. I believe that the average voter today is more than capable of making their own informed decision; They do not need to be protected by the aristocratic elites. According to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., an esteemed social critic and former President John F. Kennedys speechwriter, Direct popular election of the President, is the only system that is truly democratic, truly equitable, and can truly reflect the will of the people as well as being the only voting method that meets the moral criteria of a democracy. Schlesinger is not wrong here, a true democracy requires fair and equal power to all voters. Simila rly, the only way for our country to fully realize the democratic ideals which it originally was based upon, we must grant each citizen the equal and unbiased representation that they deserve. Towards the end of the presidential election process it merely becomes a race between two of the nominated candidates of the Democrat and Republican party, Third parties become powerless in the hands of the Electoral College due to the Plurality voting system it employs. Douglass J. Amy, a leading expert on electoral voting systems, states that our current election system, severely limits the organization options of groups outside the political mainstream. Simply put, third parties can never succeed as Plurality rules tend to foster two-party systems by systematically discriminating against minor parties and making it extremely difficult for them to achieve any electoral success. At this point of the election each electoral vote is crucial to the success or loss of either candidate. This becomes a problem with the Electoral College as citizens begin to ponder that if they were to vote for a third party candidate, one they truly identify with, they are also contributing to the success of a possible unfavorable candidate to them as third parties tend to never achieve any success but simply take votes from the two main parties. In this situation many would settle for the lesser of two evils choice and sacrifice their actual opinions and beliefs and vote for an individual merely so the other main candidate wont succeed. According to Travis N. Rieder a writer of the washington post, the people are being put in the position of choosing an eternal moral principle over an internal one. This goes against principles of diversity within our nation and fighting for what you believe in, given the circumstances where the two parties are truly the only ones that matter. Citizens must make the decision to either vote for what they believe in or vote for a candidate they dont e ntirely support. Within the timespan of approximately 2 years, presidential candidates must travel across the nation in attempt to inform the American people of their campaign goals. Yet the Electoral College inhibits the candidates from visiting states that they are confident they have secured votes from and instead concentrate on battleground states, where the polls show the contest is likely to be closest.(Edwards) and where presidential candidates will focus most of their time due to the possibility of the votes going either red or blue. This results in states with tendencies of remaining blue or red for an extended period of time to be kept in the dark from presidential campaign visits. Whatrs the point in voting if your vote really doesnt make a difference? The Electoral College system may very well be a contributing factor to the decreasing voter turnout in recent years as people believe their civil duty is limited due to the insignificance of their vote, the electoral college does not represent the one man one vote system where every vote counts and can make a difference in the election results. Typically the popular vote matches the electoral vote and the end result is the same, but in these odd instances where the American people vote for a candidate and the electoral college votes differently, therers a problem. As stated by Lucius Wilmerding Jr. a former consultant of the Federal Reserve Board, The Electors were never meant to choose a President, but only to announce the votes of the People. Unfortunately this is not the case due to Faithless Electors who vote not for the candidate they pledged to vote for but instead vote upon personal preference, no longer reflecting the American Peoples desire but reflect their own opinion. By implementing the Automatic plan it will eliminate the threat of Electors voting based on their own preference and instead will enforce the Electors to vote based on the peoplers preference. This solution allows the Electoral college to be kept, and more democracy is established. Another solution would be the Virginia Plan where the Electoral votes are distributed based on the popular winner within each of the congressional districts and the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional votes, or otherwise implementing the congressional district plan states such as Nebraska and Maine utilize today. By adding these modifications to the Election system there will be balance between centralized government ideals and a true democratic Nation. Overall the Electoral College has proven to become quite the hindrance for democracy. The popular vote must have more effect and power in the election process, otherwise It eliminates the point in the people voting, The people who actually represent the nation. the poor and middle class, the common individual not the aristocratic elite who believe they know whatrs best for the nation, as former president Andrew Jackson once said The majority is to govern not the small group of elites. Simply put the popular vote along with modifications to the Electoral College such as the Automatic, Virginia, and congressional district plans, are what true democracy is. Where every single vote counts equally. popular vote will pose more of an impact and the people of the United States will respond. The people will reach validity through their empowered civil duty that shouldve been theirs from the start and the future of our nation will be bright through the Peoplers vote.

Discussing Paper Presidential Powers and Public Policy - 550 Words

Discussing Paper: Presidential Powers and Public Policy (Essay Sample) Content: Presidential Powers and Public PolicyNameInstitutePresidential Powers and Public PolicyThe use of presidential powers is manifested in President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States in the Korean War. President Eisenhower, after assessing the situation, found that the US was receiving casualties without any visible returns. (Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home, para5). A treaty was later signed effectively ending combat operations.President Obama signed a policy to halt the deportation of persons who came to the US when they were young (Payne, 2014). President Obama went on to state that contained in the order, were rules by which the immigrants were expected to comply.US public policy was that the country [US] had vested in the president powers to ward off an attack. Given that the Korean War was not a direct attack on the American people, some Americans felt that they had no place in the war and that the US sho uld have stayed out and let the UN handle it alonePresident Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s change in immigration policy would see more unemployed youth in the job market which is already stretched. Americans would have to fight for the same jobs with foreigners in their own country. A positive side to this change in policy is that it was a ...

My First Three Meditations - Original Ideas - 1361 Words

Greetings! I am writing in response to your request of me to review your first three Meditations. Truly, I have never seen such original ideas. You never cease to amaze me with your extraordinary talent in philosophical thinking. In this letter I am going to address some claims which I feel are astounding and others which I feel may be inconsistent. However, I will warn you before you progress that I do not believe that there will ever be a flawless idea, despite the fact that I do feel some of your ideas are very well written. One argument which truly catches my attention is the one where you try to prove that a good god exists. You attempt to prove this by using the idea of different levels of reality. In your text, you state that,†¦show more content†¦With this reasoning in mind, you also propose that an effect cannot have more reality than its cause and thus should have just as much reality as its cause. You go on to state that, â€Å"†¦the idea that enables me to understand a supreme deity, eternal, finite, omniscient, omnipotent, and creator of all things other than himself, clearly has more objective reality within it than do those ideas through which finite objects are displayed† (Descartes 28, Margin 40). Therefore, the idea of God, which is infinite cannot be one composed by a mere human who is finite. Due to our levels of experience and our lack of exposure to anything that is infinite, it is impossible for us to develop the idea from anywhere that something or someone can be immortal. Thus, you come to the conclusion that only God could have created the idea of God, being that he or she is of the same level of reality. So, you believe that the idea of God is innate in us. I truly believe that this is a very compelling argument that is well reasoned. I admire the originality of this idea and I believe you did exceedingly well on using your reasoning of levels of objective reality to come to the conclusion that there is a God who is good. However, I also believe that any argument no matter how well argued may be doubted. I recall that you noted, â€Å"What will be true? Perhaps, just the single fact that nothing is certain† (Descartes 17, Margin 24). So, with that thought in mind, I would like to propose someShow MoreRelatedIn Philosophy, There Are Going To Be Some Agreements And1393 Words   |  6 PagesMonism is the view that attributes oneness; cannot be separated. Spinoza’s Response Hello Descartes, I hope all is well. I just finished reading The Meditations on First Philosophy for the third time, and I really enjoyed it. I must admit I am quite impressed with your work. However, there are some issues that I would like to address. In the Meditations, you state, â€Å"I am only a thing that thinks.† What exactly does this means? It sounds as if you are only a mind that exist and have no physical bodyRead MoreAn Analysis of Descartes’ First Meditation Essay example1448 Words   |  6 Pages(Phil 100) Prof. Michael Rosenthal November 13th, 2012 An Analysis of Descartes’ First Meditation In Descartes’ First Meditation, Descartes’ overall intention is to present the idea that our perceptions and sensations are flawed and should not be trusted entirely. His purpose is to create the greatest possible doubt of our senses. To convey this thought, Descartes has three main arguments in the First Meditation: The dream argument, the deceiving God argument, and the evil demon â€Å"or evil genius†Read MoreThe Meditations By Rene Descartes1384 Words   |  6 PagesRenà © Descartes main goal in the Meditations is to establish that one exists and that a perfect God exists. However, he first argues that the idea that everything perceived around one could be false because the senses are sometimes deceiving. In the first Meditation, Descartes introduces skepticism and brings forth a method of doubt in which he evaluates his beliefs, and questions whether they are true or false and why they should be doubted. He presents various hypothesis that prove there is r easonRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1066 Words   |  5 Pagesargued that everything perceived must be real due to God being unable to deceive, and that the physical world only exists in one’s mind. In my view, it is not certain that the physical world is real, but one should act as if it is. Renà ¨ Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, wrote each section after successive â€Å"meditations.† In Descartes’s first meditation, he claims it is unable to be proven whether anything besides one’s mind actually exists, using dreams as an example. He mentions how dreamsRead MoreDavid Hume And Renee Descartes s Theories Of Knowledge And Ideas1356 Words   |  6 Pagesorigination of ideas. Hume claims that all ideas are copies of impressions, which come from sensation. Descartes disagrees with this, arguing that in order to obtain knowledge, there must be a rational method for obtaining it, and that the senses are not a reliable source. This essay will present both philosopher’s arguments and compare and contrast each perspective regarding matters of knowledge and ideas. I will then argue how Hume’s philosophy is the more viable theory, and give you my reason’s asRead MoreDescartes s Meditations, Descartes Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 3: Prompt 1 Though unstated throughout his meditations, Descartes primary goal in the Meditations is to lay a strong foundation for the mathematical science that is emerging during his lifetime. There are two Aristotelian doctrines that Descartes wants to reject, the first which is final causation. The second is qualitative science, because Descartes tends to favor quantitative science over final causation. In Descartes’s first meditation his method of doubt is seen clearly since he knowsRead MoreDescartes Six Meditations on First Philosophy Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the six meditations on First Philosophy, French philosopher Rene Descartes seeks to find a concrete foundation for the basis of science, one which he states can only include certain and unquestionable beliefs. Anything less concrete, he argues will be exposed to the external world and to opposition by philosophical sceptics. The sense of the Cartesian reform is the imposition of a new method of thinking. Descartes’ method to begin with is reductive, removing all knowledge acquired withoutRead MoreHappiness Is The Most Important Aspect Of The Mind920 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolling your thoughts you are able to control your outcome of situations. Happiness is awareness and the feeling of complete and whole. In order to achieve happiness one must first realize that every sentient being-that is, every creature endowed with even a very basic sense of awareness which can be defined by three basic aspects or characteristics: body, speech and mind. It is important to know that the mind is essence, is the most important aspect of all creatures that share the attribute ofRead MoreEffects and Techniques in Haiku811 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 3 a) My interpretation of the meaning of the poem is that individuals can find peace and rest, living with only the bare essentials. While this may seem an austere life, simple living can allow individuals to find the beauty, greatness and richness that exist all around them in nature – as in an autumn dusk. Even in moments of sadness and despair, nature has the power to uplift us. b) My interpretation of the poem is based on the context in which haiku exists, my knowledge of theRead MoreResponse to George Berkeleys Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous1009 Words   |  5 PagesA Response to George Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous The following essay is a response to George Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, in which he argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent, that the word matter as Descartes uses it, does not mean anything. This essay is also about words as memories, and about the two fictional Marcels, young and old. Hylas is a Cartesian thinker, and Philonous is Berkeley’s voice of reason

Personal Statement on Psychology - 780 Words

I have always been interested in the way people act and what affects their behaviour in social situations. From studying psychology at A-level this passion and fascination has grown so much so that I now want to complete a degree in psychology to further my knowledge into human behaviour and what motivates a person to show this behaviour. From studying Piliavin during my A-level course I learnt about the ‘diffusion of responsibility’ which helped me understand why people are lacking in motivation to help a person in need, this theory became particularly interesting to me when a customer at work who had special needs broke down crying because she had lost a key to her house, other customers in the shop fled and refused to help her if I had not learnt about Piliavin this behaviour would have shocked and confused me but I now understand why a person feels this behaviour is necessary and their only option. Therefore I think that psychology is vital in society and everyday li fe as human behaviour is always being analysed by others and so psychology is fundamental to be able to understand the human mind in a variety of situations and to fully understand why people think and act the way they do. During my A-level subjects I have become intrigued about social psychology and I believe this is represented through the work I have completed. This is particularly present when I completed my Extended Project Qualification in which I chose a subject which focused on my two mainShow MoreRelatedEducational Psychology Personal Statement896 Words   |  4 Pages​When I declared a psychology major during the second year of my undergraduate career, my objective was to attend medical school and eventually become a psychiatrist. I enjoyed the psychology classes in which I was enrolled and found them to compliment the premed curriculum I also wanted to study. I reasoned that a major in psychology would provide insight that could later be useful in my planned studies of psychiatry. Although I decided against going to medical school, psychology remained the primaryRead MorePersonal Statement On Clinical Psychology867 Words   |  4 PagesClinical Psychology Rough Draft My academic, personal, and job experiences have propelled me to pursue a Master’s Degree in Clinical Psychology. Through joining the Minority Biomedical Research Support- Research Initiative for Scientific Enhancement (MBRS-RISE) program, taking psychology courses, and working as a behavioral interventionist, I have acquired work and research experience needed to pursue a graduate degree. My immediate goal is to pursue a Master’s degree in clinical psychology with emphasisRead MorePersonal Statement For A Career In Psychology944 Words   |  4 Pagesstate, and make up 18.5 percent of the adult population. This means that almost one in five individuals in the US suffer from a mental disorder. These statistics are unnerving, and it is part of the reason I wish to pursue a career in the field of psychology. Becoming a psychiatrist or a psychologist and being able to make a difference in as many lives as possible is a massive aspiration of mine. My desire is simply that I get the opportunity to touch the lives of people that are unfortunate or comeRead MorePersonal Statement : Psychology And Sociology1902 Words   |  8 PagesAs a junior in high school, I have recently become interested in psychology. While studying psychology/sociology this previous year, I have become drawn to the topic of human potential. After gathering what I have learned, it turns out most people want to live their life to the fullest by becoming all they can be. To reach this fulfillment of a higher/better self is known as self-actualization. A major problem for many people today is reaching their full potential, although the potential alreadyRead MoreThe Need For Total Elimination Is Unjustified1122 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Churchland argues for the total elimination as opposed to smooth reduction of folk psychology with materialistic sciences to replace it in â€Å"Eliminative Materialism and The Propositional Attitudes,† on grounds that folk psychology is a theory that is primarily flawed due to a severe lack of explanatory power. Additionally has a bad historical trend of retreat and lack of progress, and does not fit well with prominent physical sciences. I will explain his argument in this paper, evaluate it forRead MoreGraduate Programs Comparison1324 Words   |  6 Pagesinterested in researching. For each program, answer the following questions. School 1: University of California, Los Angeles Graduate Program Name: Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology 1 List the admission requirements for graduate studies in psychology. Universitys minimum requirements: i. All applicants are expected to submit a statement of purpose. ii. Admission is for Fall Quarter only and on a full-time basis only. iii. Applications must be complete and received by the department by the deadlineRead MoreStatement Of Faith, And One Baptism888 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Faith I believe in one Lord, one faith, and one baptism (Ephesians 4:5-6), and that I belong to Him in every aspect of my life. I believe that in Grace, He died on the cross and rose from the grave, and this constitutes the resurrection of Jesus Christ (I Corinthians 15:4). I believe Jesus was the ultimate sacrifice, the perfect (without blemish) sacrifice for our sins (Colossians 1:22; I Peter 1:19). I came to know of Jesus at a young age, but developed a close personal relationshipRead More11381 Words   |  5 PagesIt? Journal Psychology (S2958282) Faith Eke Points possible:  30 Date: ____________ Answer the questions below. When you are finished, turn in your assignment for grading. Use complete sentences and answer each part of the assignment. 1. Think of a time in your life when someone you know was having difficulty. Using that example, choose the statement from the list below that seems most true. Then, for the statement you choose, write which perspective or branch from psychology (humanistic, positiveRead MoreThe Secret Language Of Clinical Psychology972 Words   |  4 Pagesof Clinical Psychologists. The article, Women Entering Clinical Psychology: Q-Sort Narratives of Career Attraction of Female Clinical Psychology Trainees in the UK was published on September nineteenth, 2011 by Martyn Baker and Jen Nash. This article discusses about a vast amount of women in the UK are attracted to the clinical psychology workforce. This article is on a study that tests how the women are attracted to clinical psychology through the use of five narratives of attraction. This articleRead MoreEssay on Exploring International Psychology1045 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In researching the ancient roots of international psychology, I found that I gravitated with special interest to the ancient roots of Greek, Chinese and Indian psychology. In this research, I found myself replaying a statement I read when learning about the hypothesis regarding the history of psychology. This statement is â€Å" It may be possible that parts of history have indeed been chaotic whereas other parts have been linear and progressive and still others have been cyclical† (King

Headaches Their Causes And Effects Essay - 639 Words

All of us suffer from an occasional headache; in fact, 20 million Americans see their doctors each year because of headaches. Headaches are also the leading cause for missing school and work in this country. There are many different types of headaches ranging from just ordinary pain, to pain associated with a disorder or serious medical condition. Iamp;#8217;d like to discuss the worst type of headache. The type of headache Iamp;#8217;d like to discuss, the Migraine, although intense in its pain, is not associated with a medical condition or injury. The Migraine is a recurring throbbing headache, affecting only one side of the head and often accompanied by many symptoms. Although many people use the word amp;#8220;Migraine; to†¦show more content†¦This is supposedly due to the hormonal imbalance during that time. So, what can we do to prevent Migraines? Because Migraine headaches can recur for years and medication may lead to side effects and rebound headaches prevention is the key aspect in the management of migraines. Pay close attention to your diet. See if avoiding certain foods can prevent a migraine. The three Camp;#8217;s- Cheese, chocolate and citrus are the most common foods which trigger migraines. Iamp;#8217;d like to discuss sleep habits. While itamp;#8217;s important to get enough rest, avoid oversleeping as well. Itamp;#8217;s best to go to bed and get up at about the same time each day, since this helps to regulate and stabilize the brainamp;#8217;s important biological clocks. To make up for loss of sleep after a late night, rest or nap later in the day if necessary. Has anyone ever read the ingredients of Excedrin? Well if you have youamp;#8217;d have noticed that Excedrinamp;#8217;s three active ingredients are: Acetaminophen (which is Tylenol), Asprin and surprisingly enough, Caffeine. I remember a day last year around the time that we had finals, when my sister, Iamp;#8217;m not just blaming her, it was really her fault, bought these pills named Vivavrin. As soon as I took one of these pills my head began to throb and I, who have a long family history of migraines, received one. Now, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, why would aShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Migraine Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pages A migraine is a disease that affects the body specifically the head, and it is count as one of the diseases that produce a headache and another kind of pains in the head and the body. This Migraine has many types and it is a chronic disease which keeps the effects remain for a long time. Some of the things that could happen to who has or about to have a migraine are vomiting, nausea, sensitivity to the light and sound and can include flashesRead MoreHeadaches and Alternative Treatment Options Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesHeadaches and alternative treatment options†¦ Almost everyone has experienced a headache in their lives. It is top of the list for most common pains, and possibly the major underlying excuse in your life if you miss something. It may come up suddenly while you are sitting at your desk and working on a challenging task, at a stressful moment, or even at your sleep! You may feel a belt is tightened around your head or can even be a throbbing type of pain. Some of the headaches are periodic andRead MoreMigraine Headaches : Symptoms And Symptoms1351 Words   |  6 PagesMigraine Headaches: One Condition, Different Perspectives Migraine headaches are not normal headaches. They are often a chronic, on-and-off condition, causing sufferers various issues in all aspects of life. School and work become more difficult, and lives are disrupted. In order to reduce the effect of migraine headaches on Americans, it is important to understand the condition and its effects. Understanding Migraine Headaches Migraine headaches are very different from typical headaches. TheyRead MoreTeen Stress Effects1119 Words   |  5 Pageshas many effects on teenagers including their physical, emotional and mental health. Stress is defined as a state of distress due to an environmental factor, and with this comes a raised heart rate and blood pressure (Suldo). There are a few physical effects related to stress on the body. With other symptoms comes aches and pains, â€Å"allergic† reactions and a lack of sleep (Rowh). When teens are stressed, they can start to feel headaches. These headaches are typically known as tension headache, and theRead MoreCaffeine Addiction Essay800 Words   |  4 Pagesto it and that caffeine can damage the body and brain. There are a few positive and negative psychological effects of caffeine on the human body. Positive psychological effects are concentration, focus, attention, improves memory, in some studies, and alertness. Negative psychological effects are anxiety, depression, irritable, and addiction. Some physiological effects are nausea, headache, restless, hypertension, and tremors. It is important for researching caffeine addiction because most peopleRead MoreMigraines And Society : Symptoms And Symptoms1689 Words   |  7 Pagesbut most people do not know the difference between headaches and migraines. Migraines are known as an â€Å"invisible illness† because there are not any physical effects i.e. rash, blisters or vomiting. Migraines can be triggered by many things. One major trigger is light, certain types of lights or lighting can cause even more damage to those suffering from migraines. LED lights and strobe lights are one of the most common types of lights that cause migraine sufferers to experience discomfort. The brightnessRead More Migraines: That Ache In Your Head Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesThat Ache In Your Head Have you ever had a headache? That pounding pain that would not go away, it was probably a headache, however there is another type of headache that happens to one side of the head and could also cause nausea, sensitivity to light, sound or odors. Also accompanying the migraine is a aura, which could be flashes of light, or temporally lose your vision, in any case it is a visual impairment. (1) Migraines differ from headaches because a migraine is a neurological disease.Read MoreOil Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesMedicine prescriptions for headaches and migraines often have side effects on the users. Essential oils, on the other hand, offer relief to with reduced side effects. These oils also have other associated benefits such as giving relief from stress, reducing tension and also ease any pain that may be suffered. However, caution must be taken not to swallow the oil o apply it directly to the skin. But what are essential oils? These are liquids extracted from various parts of plants such as leaves,Read MorePathogenesis of Menstural Migraines Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesA migraine is a common, chronic, and debilitating neurovascular disorder. It is characterized by attacks of serve headache along with autonomic nervous system dysfunction and some patients an aura neurological symptom (Goadsby, Lipton, Ferrari, 2002). Migraine attacks start at any age but they peak in the early to mid adolescence age. Migraines rates were observed for a year and the results showed the prevalence of migraines being 11% overall, 6% among men and 15-18% in women(Stewart WF, LiptonRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Migraine Insomnia1636 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Migraine headaches are chronic neurological ailments that affect approximately 12% of patients in the United States and cost businesses nearly $13 billion in missed workdays each year. Managing migraine headaches is important for workplace productivity, as well as maintaining a high quality of life. Most commonly, patients begin their quest for management with over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen or Advil, which are first-line treatments for mild to moderate migraine. Sumatriptan

Transaction Security E Commerce Environment - 2227 Words

Transaction Security in E-Commerce Environment With the evolution of Internet, new technologies are appearing and new ways of doing business are slowly changing the world. One of those new business process are online stores. This technology allows user to sell or buy their products or services online. These data exchanged during those operations are extremely very critical and no error with the manipulation of these important information can be allowed. For the protection of those personal and financial information, security plays a big role in this industry. There are main elements in the transaction security are: Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Non-repudiation And the authorization. The confidentiality of the information is one†¦show more content†¦Many different approaches are used to ensure that the elements of transaction security for the two parties. Some are for the users, not recurring any type of action except intelligence. Those are simple measures such as informing the users of potential dangers and teaching them to be more vigilant when having online transaction. One example is suggesting users not to use a public Wi-Fi to have transactions or verifying the website’s authentication before any transaction. Other approaches are more technical such as: Internet Protocol Security Secure Electronic Transaction Transport Layer Security and Secure Sockets Layer Internet Protocol Security, which is also called IPsec, is a protocol that secures the communications at the Protocol level. This is done by the encrypting and authenticating each IP packet of the data. IPsec can be used to protect the data flows between pair of hosts, between a pair of security gateways or between a security gateway and a host. IPsec supports network-level peer authentication, data origin authentication, integrity and confidentiality. It also supports replay protection that aims to protect against repeating a transaction, for example, the purchase of a service. SET or Secure Electronic Transaction is a communication protocol. It allows the user secure transaction via credit cards over the Internet. The main objectives of Secure Electronic Transaction are to: Provide

Business Research Ethics Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"It’s non hard to do determinations when you know what your values are. † – Roy Disney ( Nephew of Walt Disney ) Ethics in concern research set the criterions in which research workers use to steer them ; these criterions build trust non merely by the honestness of a research workers work but besides in their unity in the method that they use. Without moralss a researcher’s procedure could turn out to hold great branchings. Ethical concern researcher’s nucleus value is duty and honestness. Research workers are cognizant of who all can be affected should their work non be of the highest quality. Research is used for and is relied on for such things as merchandise safety or as a usher in a peculiar market. Every measure that is taken in the research procedure begins with the information that is gathered. documented and even published so divergences may be within the jurisprudence but are considered to be unethical patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Research Ethics Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is through research that new developments are made and may take to better penetration in things that others have already shed visible radiation and gathered information on. It is non uncommon for some research worker to seesaw between what is ethical and what is considered to be unethical. A psychological science professor and scientist from Harvard University by the name of Marc Hauser had crossed the line between what was ethical and what was non. In an article that the Harvard Crimson ran in early September of 2012 it stated that after a biennial federal probe the Office of Research Integrity found this former Harvard psychological science professor had doctored consequences of his research and was accused of six counts of research misconduct. lying about his informations and beliing research methods in his Harvard lab in research that the National Institute of Health supported. ( Jain. Sept ) Marc Hauser conducted research that involved and was chiefly concentrated on carnal knowledge and moral psychological science. Mr. Hauser found himself vacating from his tenured place at Harvard University ; it was stated by Dean Smith that. † no university or college wants to see a member of their module found responsible for research misconduct. for such misconduct wor k stoppages at the nucleus of their academic values. † ( Jain. Sept ) It was after these allegations that led to Hauser to abjure a paper that he had written about cotton-top lion monkeies being able to separate between forms of syllables like a human baby can. In two other surveies that Hauser published in Science and the Proceedings of The Royal Society B were besides retracted and fixed subtractions any field notes. These publications are besides under probe every bit good. Hauser has turned his attending in another way but has agreed that should he carry on further research he will be supervised for any new-government sponsored research. reappraisal and public revelation to happening bureaus of the legitimacy of his informations by establishments that employ him in the hereafter and he will be excluded from his consultative duties to the U. S. Public Health Service. ( Jain. Sept ) Marc Hauser may hold made noteworthy parts in his field in that he found cotton-top lion monkey monkeys have the ability to larn syllable forms. this was thought to hold a portion in the ability to larn linguistic communication and had been seen before in babies. Ironically. Hauser researched the roots of human abilities such as linguistic communication while analyzing if morality was unconditioned or learned. ( Johnson. Sept ) Hauser’s unethical behaviour of distorting his research could besides others research that relied on the information that he provided in his research. his pupils that he taught. his helpers that worked alongside him and Harvard University non to advert the National Institute of Health that supported his research. Marc Hauser is merely one of many that have found themselves perpetrating unethical picks ; truth is in a study of 3. 247 scientist had reported that one in three scientist admitted to perpetrating at least one of 10 comparatively serious Acts of the Apostless of professional misconduct. ( Artino. JR A ; Brown. June ) Overall. it is of import that any individual that is carry oning any type of research follow the proper guidelines in order to guarantee that the work that is gathered. documented and pub lished can be trusted and validated alternatively of losing credibleness from documenting false information. Mentions Artino. JR. A. R. . A ; Brown. S. W. ( June 01. 2009 ) . Ethical motives in educational research: a comparative analysis of alumnus pupil and module beliefs. . College Student Journal Publisher: Undertaking Innovation ( Alabama ) Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Education. 43 ( 2 ) . 1. Jain. R.( September 6. 2012 ) . Hauser’s Misconduct Confirmed by Feds. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecrimson. com/article/2012/9/6/hauser-misconduct-investigation/ Johnson. C. Y. ( September 05. 2012 ) . Former Harvard professor Marc Hauser fabricated. manipulated information. US says. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Boston. com/whitecoatnotes/2012/09/05/harvard-professor-who-resigned-fabricated-manipulated-data-says/UvCmT8yCcmydpDoEkIRhGP/story. hypertext markup language

In Defense of Military Pay Essay Example For Students

In Defense of Military Pay Essay I was in the Army for more than twenty years, and I can say that joining the military was the best decision I have ever made. There are many differences between military and civilian pay and benefits. The Military gets pay base on your pay grade and time in service, based on a pay scale issued by defense finance and accounting services (DFAS). According to the fiscal year 2014, military pay scale the average enlisted service member E-1 with two years of service in the military is paid $1,532. 00 per month and an E-9 with 10 years of service in the military is paid $4,837. 00. Civilians get paid either hourly or on a salary. When I join the Military was because, of job security, pay, good education benefits and an excellent retirement system, this are just a few of the top reasons I seek federal employment. Others consider government careers because of desirable travel opportunities, training availability, different occupations and the ability to locate jobs nationwide and overseas. One of the benefits Military service member receive is free housing or Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) is an allowance to offset the cost of housing when you do not received government provided housing. Your BAH depend upon your location, pay grade, and if you are married or single, based on a pay scale issued by defense finance and accounting services (DFAS) military pay scale the average enlisted soldier E-1 and E-2 with dependents get paid $2,607. 00 per month, without dependents they get paid $1,956. 00 per month and an E-9 with dependents get paid $3,696. 00 per month, without dependents he gets paid $2,832. 00 per month. This benefits service are for members leaving off post. Single soldiers E-4 and below have to leave in the barracks, they have their own rooms but they have to share kitchen and bathrooms. In the civilian sector most jobs will not offer any additional pay for housing. The second benefit that Military service member receive is Basic Allowance for Subsistence, this allowance is to cover for their meals. This allowance is not intended to cover the cost of meals for family members. Enlisted members with less than 4 months of service used to be paid BAS at a lower rate. That difference was eliminated in 2002. BAS used to be calculated on a daily basis. That means that a person who received BAS got just little bit more during months that had 31 days in them and a little bit less during the month of February. In 2002, congress changed the law so that BAS is a set monthly rate. BAS for enlisted soldiers is $357. 55 a month. Officers get paid $242. 60 a month. In the civilian side jobs don’t offer any additional pay for meals. The third benefit that the Military has is free health care. Military members receive medical, dental and vision care. Military personnel don’t have to put any out of pocket money. In addition, the spouse and dependent children of an active-duty member may also enroll in military Health Care (a small enrollment fee and annual deductible may apply). In the civilian sector healthcare in most jobs is not available until a set amount of time has been worked or you are a full-time employee. The family members are not covered unless health care has been purchased for the additional family member. Vision and dental care has to be purchased through the employer if available or from outside resource. Another benefit that Military has is Military Tuition Assistance. The military tuition assistance is a benefit paid to eligible service member of the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force and Coast Guard. .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee , .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .postImageUrl , .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee , .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:hover , .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:visited , .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:active { border:0!important; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:active , .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4987692d1a8e3e6f0cf7aaa9bb4978ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetics EssayCongress has giving each service the ability to pay up to 100% for the tuition expenses of its members while they are still on active duty. Army service member have a tuition assistance of $4,500. 00 for fiscal year. Navy service member have 16 semester hours per fiscal year not to exceed $4,000. 00 per fiscal year. Marines TA would be authorized for only one course. Coast Guard have 75% of the tuition assistance not to exceed 187. 50 per credit hour. In addition military spouse can get up to $4,000. 00 for tuition assistance. In the civilian side they have to pay out of pocket to go to school or try to get a grant or loan. In conclusion I think if Military services member would add their basic pay, basic allowance for housing, basic allowance for subsistence, Cost of Leaving allowance and their Military Health Care; they will notice that Military services members are better off than Civilians. I know military service members have to work longer hours 24/7, be on call and sometimes worked on the weekends; but adding all the allowance up, I’m sure military soldiers get a good monthly pay check.

Leadership Style of Sir Richard Branson Essay Example

Leadership Style of Sir Richard Branson Essay IT IS VERY COMMON to hear that government would run better if it were more businesslike. I think that is correct. Nevertheless, I will turn the tables on that proposition. I believe that business would benefit from learning some management lessons from a surprisingly gifted governmental executiveRonald Reagan. Those of us who had the good fortune of working for President Reagan witnessed firsthand the effective management style of an unusually successful chief executive. Here are 10 lessons that I learned from observing him in action. Lesson 1: Set Clear and Attainable Objectives, albeit Goals that Seem Difficult to Achieve. In early 1981, President Reagan set his sights on a healthier economy with lower inflation and lower unemployment. The cynics shook their heads. They only thought in terms of a trade-off between more jobs and a slower rise in prices. The cynics were proved to be wrong. Under his leadership, the United States achieved both important objectivesbut not easily. Aside from the substantial cuts in taxes, the adjustments made in economic policy in 1981 and 1982 were initially painful. They especially included a wide variety of spending cuts as well as a tight monetary policy. Nevertheless, those actions led to the longest peacetime expansion in American history. Simultaneously, the escalating double-digit inflation that the Reagan administration faced when we came to Washington has been consigned to the history books. Lesson 2: Choose Subordinates Who Share Your Views and Outlook. Disagreements on details are inevitable among strong-minded people. Nevertheless, the team that Ronald Reagan brought together was united in our dedication to lower taxes, much slower growth in civilian spending, a stronger military establishment, and a less burdensome regulatory system. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style of Sir Richard Branson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style of Sir Richard Branson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style of Sir Richard Branson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Progress in each of these areas was substantial during his eight years in office. Lesson 3: Give Your People Lots of Leeway and Operating Authority. For example, those of us who put together the budget cuts had full discretion in assembling an ambitious assortment of spending reductions. Subsequently, President Reagan sat down with us and reviewed each significant budget change before making the final decisions. He was anything but a rubber stamp. He did not try to micromanage the decision making within each of our agencies, but he held us accountable for the results. He empowered us to exercise a lot of discretion. For example, one of my first assignments was to perform an audit of the American economy. Nobody in the White House tried to second-guess me. President Reagan made my audit report public at a White House press briefing that we conducted jointly. My report made it clear: the American economy was suffering from a combination of illnesseshigh inflation and low growth as well as high taxation, rising government spending, and excessive regulation. The president left the press conference early, and I quickly learned that the questions would not be limited to the announced topic. After he left, I was asked why the president said he could not find his checkbook. I answered that, personally, I delegated that task to my wife. That is still true. Amid the laughter that followed, I started to answer another question. By the way, I later learned that President Reagan may not have written a lot of checks, but he used good old Treasury currency. He mailed out quite a few $10 and $20 bills in response to some heartrending letters he received. In retrospect, Ronald Reagan was a seasoned executive even before assuming the presidency. He had been the successful governor of our largest state for eight years. Prior to that, he served as president of the Screen Actors Guild. (He loved to point out that he was the only president of the United States who had been head of a labor union. ) In both capacities, he led the organization during periods of great external pressures while effectively dealing with difficult personalities inside the organization. Lesson 4: Strongly Back Your People, Especially When They Are Attacked for Trying to Carry Out Your Policies. Ill give you a very personal example. In public presentation describing the budget problems facing the United States, I had the temerity to suggest that annual Social Security benefit increases (the so-called cost-of-living adjustments, or COLAs) were not part of an insurance program. They were really welfare benefits paid by someone else, in this case the working population. Some member of the Congress was so angry with me that he urged my impeachment. I was very relaxed. The odds were that, if the issue ever did reach the president, he would just have a good laugh. Of course, the threat of my impeachment quickly evaporated. Lesson 5: Use Humor to Good Effect. Yes, Ronald Reagan loved to tell funny stories. One of his favorite ones concerned the boy who was digging through a manure pile. His explanation for that strange action was that there had to be a pony in it somewhere. But usually the presidents purpose for telling a humorous tale was very serious. He was always too polite to tell some boring person to shut up. Rather, he preferred to interrupt by telling a story. When he finished, the discussion would quickly shift to a new subject. On other occasions, when the internal debate was in danger of getting too strident, he would break the tension by telling another funny story. He possessed a deep inventory of humor, much of which drew upon his authentic Irish brogue as well as a fine Italian accent. Thus, it was a real treat just to have a casual meal with him. Lesson 6: Communicate Clearly Both Within the Organization and to the Larger Public. Ronald Reagan truly was the Great Communicator, but the results did not come effortlessly. Let me try to give you an idea of how the process worked. His address to the nation in early February 1981 was going to be the occasion for his publicly laying out what became Reaganomics. The process of writing this important speech revealed much about the man. He assembled a group of his key advisers and speechwriters in his living quarters on the top floor of the White House. (He often said that he lived above the store. ) The first session was devoted to developing the major themes of that first big economic speech. We all had a chance to get our oar in. When the president was satisfied with the results, he adjourned the meeting with the understanding that the speechwriters would work up a rough draft of our common thoughts. The rest of the group polished the speechwriters first draft. The revised draft speech then was sent to the president. He rewrote it in his own language on a yellow pad. Thats why his speeches were so convincing. After his handwritten draft was typed, the whole group reassembled. The president held the master copy and he led us through it paragraph by paragraph to get our comments. On several occasions, I told him that a section was not accurate. He never pulled rank. After all, it was his speech. He always responded the same way, OK, how do I make the point accurately? That is an example of how Ronald Reagan inspired loyalty. The process also showed that his deep personal involvement in writing the major messages was essential to the successful communication of the contents. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] At a much later point in his administration, the bureaucrats tried to eliminate the provocative line from his memorable speech in Berlin, Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall. Happily, the speechwriterthe president himselfprevailed. By the way, in comparison I certainly was not a great communicator. Of course, my job required me to make many economic presentations, both in the White House and to a wide array of congressional committees and private organizations. On one occasion, an anonymous colleague circulated a parody of my standard economic briefing to the Cabinet. I dont think I really sounded like that. But here it is so you can judge for yourselves: Economic data show an easing of the rate at which business is easing off. This can be taken as ample proof that theres a slowing up of the slowdown. Now, to clarify that, it should be noted that a slowing up of the slowdown is not as good as an upturn of the downturn. On the other hand, its a good deal better than either a speedup of the slowdown or a deepening of the downturn. Also, it suggests that the climate is about right for an adjustment of the readjustment to interest rates. Now, turning specifically to interest rates, we find a very definite decrease in the rate of increase. This clearly shows there should be a letting up of the letdown. Of course, if the slowdown should speed up, the decrease in the rate of increase would turn into an increase in the rate of decrease. And finally, the inflation of the recession would turn the recession into a depression, while a deflation in the rate of inflation would give the impression of a recession of the depression. Lesson 7: Let Your Staff Do the Worrying; Thats What They Get Paid for. Ronald Reagan took the presidency very seriously. He may have left the Oval Office at 5 p. m. , but he spent hours in the evening reading our reports and memos. I learned that quickly when he called one evening to discuss a memo that I sent him after 5 p. m. More frequently, he would comment on items that some of us had sent him the previous day as he entered the Cabinet room in the morning. Perhaps most important, after making a decision, President Reagan did not stew about it. He quickly went on to the next item of business. Lesson 8: Take an Upbeat and Positive Attitude. That proved to be the key to maintaining internal enthusiasm and generating external support in a period of great policy changes. A dramatic example was provided by President Reagans response to being shot. The momentum of his administration did not falter. In fact, one wisecrack to his wife did more to reassure the concerned public than all of the medical reports, Sorry, honey, I forgot to duck. That was truly grace under pressure. Lesson 9: Distinguish between Opponents and Enemies. To my knowledge, Ronald Reagan never kept an enemies list. That was not in his nature. He did not know how to hate. He also was wise enough to know that todays opponents on one issue may be tomorrows supporters on anotherprovided that you had not treated them as an enemy. Lesson 10: Keep Some Distance from Your Subordinates. The president was very cordial and caring. At times he would chide some of us for working too hard (to put it mildly, we were highly motivated). Nevertheless, he knew that he was not our buddy, but our leader. By the way, it did not take long to realize that, although you may be spending a lot of time in the White House, you were not the president. Many of my briefings to various interest groups followed a fascinating if not humorous pattern (they did not strike me as funny at the time). Typically, I would make a short presentation to people representing business or labor or minorities or other organizations. This was usually followed by vigorous and occasionally hostile questions. At some point, the president would join us. The tone of the meeting quickly changed. The visitors were all smiles. When he asked them for questions, the typical response was to thank him for the visit and to toss a real softball. As soon as he left, however, the group would resume its tough questioning of me. I cannot resist offering another example of the distance between the president and the members of his staff. When he was not using the presidential box at the Kennedy Center, he generously let his associates use this perk. On one occasion, when I wound up sitting in the presidents seat, the audience could not suppress its disappointment when the lights came on. Nevertheless, my wife and I thoroughly enjoyed the evening! It was a great privilege to serve President Ronald Reagan during an important period in American history. I came away with many fond memories. For example, I have a picture with the president and Nancy on which he added a teasing note thanking me for explaining the dismal science to Nancy. (He loved to quote at me Thomas Carlyle, the 19th century British writer who referred to economics as the dismal science. ) Working for Ronald Reagan was anything but dismal. Yes, it was very nice for U. S. News to list me as one of the 30 most influential Americans in 1981 and again in 1982. Of course, I was quickly dropped from the list when I returned to St. Louis in 1983. On that note, also recall the lady who stopped me as I was getting off the elevator of a Washington hotel. This was two weeks after I left the White House. She asked me just one question, Didnt you use to be somebody? Murray Weidenbaum holds the Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professorship at Washington University, where he also serves as the honorary chairman of the Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy. In 1981 and 1982 he was President Reagans first chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. In that capacity he helped formulate the economic policy of the Reagan administration and was a key spokesman for the administration on economic and financial issues. During the years 1982-1989 he was a member of the Presidents Economic Policy Advisory Board, Corporate boards he has served on include Beatrice Foods, Contel, May Department Stores, and Medicine Shoppe

CTel Essay Questions and Sample Essays

CTel Essay Questions and Sample EssaysCTel is a great way to help your students build better communication skills. However, this can also be used as a great tool to test their understanding of English grammar. Here are some sample CTel essays to help you get started. They will take less than an hour to complete and they will help you quickly see what they are able to do.English is one of the most widely used languages in the world. Therefore, students are going to be tested about how well they know the language. Students will need to write essays about both positive and negative aspects of the English language. They will be asked to determine if the use of the English language will impact their performance in their studies or career. They will also be asked to try to determine if a new type of English, Modern English, is more appropriate for them.Example - The best way to prepare for a test like this is to choose an example and to then go back and read the sentence and see if you can make it better. How do you do that? Write out another sentence that uses the example and use your editing skills to make it more clear. If you were to miss the first example then you would have the first sentence to go by.Following Examples - There are many ways to follow a set of examples. However, you will be told that the first two or three sentences of each paragraph should be the same. The last thing you want to do is to rewrite all of the sentences in your writing.Close Observation - Students are not going to be asked to create a unique piece of writing. However, they are going to be asked to do close observation of one example. Students will have to identify the most important factors in the example. This will be a very short essay but you will find it challenging and exciting at the same time.Guesses - You will be given examples of how a guess could be made. You are asked to look at the examples from a different perspective and to come up with your own unique answer. Once a gain, it will be a short essay that will test your ability to recognize and create answers for your own examples.Modern English - Students will be asked to write about the different types of English that are commonly used in the United States. They will also be asked to evaluate the various forms of modern English that are currently in use in this country. Students will also need to write about the correct usage of different English forms. This will be a very quick essay that will test your ability to understand and correctly interpret the different types of English that are commonly used in the United States.The lessons will help you to identify and address some of the most common areas that are going to be covered in the CTel module. The examples will be written by professional teachers who are best suited to teach the techniques that are in this module. This will help to ensure that the techniques and strategies used in this module are taught well and effectively.

Essay on Masking Poor Communication

Essay on Masking Poor Communication Essay on Masking Poor Communication Essay on Masking Poor CommunicationThe main aims of the assignment are to demonstrate my thoughts on the article â€Å"Masking Poor Communication†, and to use real life example to illustrate them better.The article â€Å"Masking Poor Communication† gave me a new understanding of the issue that miscommunication is a part of human life and that the same words and actions can be understood in different ways by two persons. The article proved that each person has the own way to react and understand the world around; so, miscommunication can negatively impact on relationships between people who are close to each other. According to Dotinga (2011), there exists an opinion that people commonly are sure that it is much easier to communicate with close people that with strangers, but this confidence in the same reactions may lead to the fact that people â€Å"overestimate how well they communicate, a phenomenon we term the closeness- communication bias.†In my own life, th ere was a case of miscommunication with my father. It was several years ago, and it was connected with the fact that we had different views on the same thing. I always considered that the present for birthday should be a surprise; moreover, I was so sure that all people think at the same way that I didn’t ask my father about the present. But, the situation had a bad consequences because my father wanted to receive the one thing and I presented him something quite another, so, he was disappointed by the present. I realized that it is impossible to avoid miscommunication in the future because everything can happen, but I also understood that it is better to ask additional questions and to make the subject of communication more clear than to think that the other person is same to you. Mortensen Ayres (1997) mentioned that all people have their own life experience and were educated in different conditions, so, different points of views are a part of normal communication, and it is always necessary to remember this fact for the purpose to avoid miscommunication with close people.Thus, the moral of the article is to show that nobody can read the thoughts of other person, and taking into account the fact that people can change everyday, we should be ready for these changes and to react on them in fast and adequate way.

Actions Speak Louder Than Words

Automatic imitation – copying observed actions without intention – is known to occur, not only in neurological patients and those with developmental disorders, but also in healthy, typically-developing adults and children. Previous research has shown that a variety of actions are automatically imitated, and that automatic imitation promotes social affiliation and rapport. We assessed the power of automatic imitation by comparing it with the strength of the tendency to obey verbal commands. In a Stroop interference paradigm, the stimuli were compatible, incompatible and neutral compounds of hand postures and verbal commands. When imitative responses were required, the impact of irrelevant action images on responding to words was greater than the effect of irrelevant words on responding to actions. Control group performance showed that this asymmetry was not due to modality effects or differential salience of action and word stimuli. These results indicate that automatic imitation was more powerful than verbal command. 1 Actions speak louder than words Introduction Even when we do not intend to imitate others, we are inclined to copy their body movements. This tendency, known as ‘mimicry’ or ‘automatic imitation’, was once thought to be confined to patients with frontal brain damage (Lhermitte, Pillon, Serdaru, 1986), atypically-developing individuals (e. g. Charman Baron-Cohen, 1994), ‘savages’ (Darwin, 1989) and nonhuman animals (Thorndike, 1898). More recent research has shown that automatic imitation is also common in healthy, typically-developing adults (e. g. Wallbott, 1991; Lakin Chartrand, 2003; Brass, Bekkering, Wohlschlager, Prinz, 2000) and children (Simpson Riggs, 2007). The purpose of the present study was to estimate the strength of our tendency automatically to imitate the behavior of others by comparing it with the strength of our tendency to do what we are told; to perform actions on verbal command. Most previous research on automatic imitation has been concerned, not with the strength of this tendency, but with its pervasiveness and effects on social attitudes. Carefully controlled laboratory studies have found automatic imitation of facial expressions (e. g. Wallbott, 1991), as well as finger (e. . Brass et al. , 2000), hand (Heyes, Bird, Johnson, Haggard, 2005) and arm movements (e. g. Kilner, Paulignan, Blakemore, 2003). Studies investigating the ‘chameleon 2 Actions speak louder than words effect’ in semi-naturalistic social situations have shown that gestures such as eartouching and foot-wagging are automatically imitated, that this kind of mimicry can occur without the imitator’s conscious awareness, and that it prom otes affiliation and rapport between social partners (e. g. Lakin Chartrand, 2003). Indirect evidence of the pervasiveness of automatic imitation has been provided by functional imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). For example, imaging has shown that the observation of hand, foot and mouth movements activates the same areas of premotor cortex active during their execution (Buccino et al. , 2001). Revealing yet further specificity, the observation of hand and arm movements selectively increases TMS-induced motor evoked potentials from the particular muscles involved in executing these movement (e. g. Strafella Paus, 2000). In behavioral studies, stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) procedures are often used to detect automatic imitation. These procedures provide some indication of the strength of the automatic imitation tendency by showing that it can interfere with performance based on task instructions. For example, Kilner et al. (2003) instructed participants to make sinusoidal arm movements in a vertical plane while observing a model perform the same vertical movements (compatible condition) or sinusoidal arm movements in a horizontal plane (incompatible 3 Actions speak louder than words condition). Although participants were, presumably, equally motivated to obey instructions in the two conditions, their movements showed more, counterinstructional deviation from the vertical plane in the incompatible than in the compatible condition. Other SRC studies have shown that automatic imitation interferes, not only with the spatial properties of movement, but also with its timing. Participants instructed in a simple reaction time (RT) task to open their hand as soon as an observed hand began to move, initiated the opening movement faster when the stimulus hand opened than when it closed (Heyes et al. 2005). Similar studies have shown that automatic imitation can influence the timing of hand and finger movements even when the observed movements are taskirrelevant, i. e. when participants are instructed to respond, not to the observed movements, but to arbitrary stimuli such as digits (Brass et al. , 2000), crosses (Bertenthal et al. , 2006) or colors (Sturmer, Aschersleben, Prinz, 2000 ). As far as we are aware, only one study has explicitly compared the strength of automatic imitation with that of other response tendencies (Brass et al. , 2000). This study found that the impulse to imitate finger movements was stronger than the tendency to respond with finger movements to arbitrary symbols and to static spatial markers. The results were important in providing evidence that automatic imitation is genuinely automatic (i. e. that it occurs contrary to task instructions), and that it is not reducible to spatial compatibility (see also Heyes et al. , 2005; 4 Actions speak louder than words Bertenthal et al. , 2006), but Brass et al. (2000) provided only a very conservative estimate of the strength of automatic imitation. Theories of imitation assume that it is based on stimulus-response connections that are either innate (e. g. Meltzoff Moore, 1997) or the product of long-term learning (e. g. Heyes Ray, 2000). If this is the case, it is not surprising that the tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency, based solely on task instructions, to respond differentially to symbolic cues. Like imitation, spatial compatibility effects depend on innate or learned response tendencies (Tagliabue, Zorzi, Umilta, Bassignani, 2000). However, Brass et al. s study did not show that automatic imitation is generally stronger than the tendency to respond to the site of stimulation; only that automatic imitation is stronger than spatial compatibility when the spatial cue is smaller and less dynamic than the body movement cue. The present study provided a more stringent test of the strength of automatic imitation by comparing it with that of the tendency to obey verbal commands. Like imitation, verbal command is a common method of instruction in everyday life, and the power of words to evoke actions is a product of deeply engrained mechanisms. Indeed, one theory of imitation, the associative sequence learning (ASL) model (e. g. Heyes Ray, 2000), suggests that the two response tendencies become engrained in the same way; that we learn to imitate through correlated 5 Actions speak louder than words experience of observing and executing action units, just as we learn the meanings of words through correlated experience of the words and their referents. We used a Stroop procedure to compare the strengths of automatic imitation and verbal command. There were four groups of participants. In the focal group (Manual-Auditory), participants were required in each trial to open or to close their hand in response to a compound stimulus. The compound consisted of an image of a hand in an open, closed or neutral posture, and the sound of a word: ‘open’, ‘close’ or a neutral nonword. In one condition, participants were instructed to imitate the action and to ignore the word (action-relevant task), and in the other condition they were told to obey the verbal command and to ignore the action (word-relevant task). In any given trial, the stimulus on the taskirrelevant dimension (the word in the action task, and the action in the word task) was compatible, incompatible or neutral with respect to the stimulus on the taskrelevant dimension. For example, in the action task, an image of an open hand was accompanied equally often by the word ‘open’ (compatible), the word ‘close’ (incompatible) and by a nonword (neutral). If the tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands, then, in this focal group, one would expect the impact on performance of action stimuli in the word task to be greater than the impact of word stimuli in Actions speak louder than words the action task. More specifically, one would expect the compatible taskirrelevant stimulus to speed responding, and /or the incompatible task-irrelevant stimulus to slow responding, more in the word task than in the action task. However, an effect of this kind would not be sufficient to show t hat automatic imitation is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands, for two reasons. First, it could be that the action images used in this experiment were more salient or easier to discriminate than the word stimuli. In this case, one would expect action images to be more potent stimuli, not only for automatic imitation, but also for nonimitative responding. To address this issue, we included a second group of participants (Vocal-Auditory) who were presented with exactly the same stimuli as the focal group, action images in compound with word sounds, but they were required to make vocal rather than imitative responses. For example, in the action task, this group said ‘open’ when they saw an opened hand, and ‘close’ when they saw a closed hand. Langton, O’Malley, Bruce (1996, Experiment 5) found that irrelevant gestures affected vocal responses to words to the same extent as irrelevant words affected vocal responses to gestures. Therefore, we expected that, in contrast with the focal group, the performance of the Vocal-Auditory group would be affected equally by irrelevant actions in the word task, and by irrelevant words in the action task. 7 Actions speak louder than words The second issue concerns modality of stimulus presentation. In the focal group, actions were presented visually and words were presented in the auditory modality because those conditions are typical of everyday life. In the course of development, it is likely that simple verbal instructions, consisting of a single word, are more often heard than seen. However, because spoken words unfold over time, whereas images are instantaneously available for processing, auditory presentation of verbal commands could put them at a disadvantage. In other words, if irrelevant actions have a greater impact than irrelevant words in the focal group, this could reflect, not the relative strengths of automatic imitation and verbal command, but faster processing of visual than auditory stimuli. To address this issue we included two further groups in which the word stimuli were written rather than spoken. One of these groups (Manual-Visual) made hand movement responses, and the other (Vocal-Visual) made vocal responses. Thus, there were four groups: Manual-Auditory, Vocal-Auditory, ManualVisual and Vocal-Visual. We predicted that in the focal Manual-Auditory group the effect of irrelevant actions on speed of responding to words would be greater than the effect of irrelevant words on responding to actions. If this asymmetric effect indicates that the automatic tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands, rather than an effect of nonspecific features of the stimuli or stimulus-response mapping, then it should also be present in the Manual-Visual group, but not in the Vocal-Auditory or Vocal-Visual groups. 8 Actions speak louder than words Method Participants Forty-eight right-handed volunteers (15 men, mean age: 22. Â ±7. 5 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Manual-Auditory, Vocal-Auditory, Manual-Visual and Vocal-Visual. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal hearing. The experiment was carried out with local ethical approval and written consent. Stimuli and Apparatus Warning and imperative stimuli were compounds of hand action s and words with coincidental onsets. Hand actions were life-sized images of postures made by a male right hand, taken from the angle at which one normally views one’s own hand, and presented on a laptop computer screen (60Hz, 400mm, 96DPI) in color on a black background. For the warning stimulus, the hand was in a neutral posture, with the fingers closed and pointing upwards in parallel with the thumb (visual angle: 6. 96Â ° x 13. 33Â °), and was shown for a variable duration between 800ms and 1520ms. For the imperative stimuli, the hand was in an opened (15. 5Â ° x 13. 5Â °), closed (7. 0Â ° x 11. 2Â °) or inverted neutral posture (see Figure 1D for examples), and was shown for 640ms. Word stimuli were either sound files presented via the laptop’s internal speaker (auditory) or superimposed in white 9 Actions speak louder than words nk on the hand stimuli in the centre of the screen (visual; 6. 5Â ° to 7. 1Â ° x 2. 6Â ° to 3. 1Â °). For the warning stimulus, the nonword clepo was presented for 650ms (auditory) or between 800 and 1520ms (visual). For the imperative stimuli, the word ‘open’, ‘close’ or the nonword pocle (see Figure 1C for examples) were presented for 640ms (visual) or between 600ms and 640ms (auditory). The nonwords clepo (warning stimulus) and pocle (neutral stimulus) were phonotactic amalgams of phonemes contained in the two words ‘open’ and ‘close’. Pocle contained the same syllables as clepo, presented in reverse order. For the manual response groups, response onset of opening and closing hand movements was measured by recording the electromyogram (EMG) from the first dorsal interosseus muscle of the right hand (see Heyes et al. , 2005). For the vocal response groups, onset of voice responses was measured via a free-standing electret microphone (Vivanco EM 32, Vivanco-direct. com). The RT interval began with the onset of the imperative stimulus, and ended with EMG onset (manual responses) or the activation of the microphone (vocal responses). Design and Procedure Participants sat at a viewing distance of approximately 700mm from the stimulus presentation screen. For the manual response groups, the participant’s right forearm lay in a horizontal position across his/her body, supported from elbow to wrist by an armrest. The wrist was rotated so that the fingers moved 10 Actions speak louder than words upwards during opening responses, and downwards when closing. Thus, the plane of response movement (up-down) was orthogonal to the plane of action stimulus movement (left-right), controlling for any effects of left-right spatial compatibility. After making each response, participants returned their hand to the neutral starting position; their fingers closed and parallel to the thumb. Each trial began with the presentation of the warning stimulus. After a variable duration it was replaced by the imperative stimulus. Participants were instructed to respond to the imperative stimulus as quickly as possible, without making errors, by opening or closing their hand (manual response groups) or by saying ‘open’ or ‘close’ (vocal response groups) as soon as they saw an open or closed hand posture (action-relevant task), or heard or saw the word ‘open’ or ‘close’ (word-relevant task). They were instructed to ignore the irrelevant dimension. After the presentation of the imperative stimulus, the screen went black for 3000ms before the next trial. Four action-relevant and four word-relevant task blocks of 60 trials were presented in alternating order, counterbalanced between participants. Relevant and irrelevant stimulus compounds were compatible (e. g. an open hand accompanied by the word ‘open’), incompatible (e. g. an open hand accompanied by the word ‘close’) or neutral (e. . an open hand accompanied by the nonword pocle). The six trial types, defined by compatibility (compatible, neutral or 11 Actions speak louder than words incompatible) and relevant stimulus (open or close), were equiprobable and randomly intermixed within each block. Results Mean RTs are plotted as a function of task and compatibility in Figures 1AD. Incorrect responses and RTs less than 100ms or greater than 1500ms were removed (3. 1%). Figure 1 about here As predicted, in the focal Manual-Auditory group (A) the impact of irrelevant actions on responding to words was greater than the impact of irrelevant words on responding to actions; there was an asymmetry favoring actions over words. This asymmetry was not observed in the Vocal-Auditory group (B), who responded to exactly the same stimuli using vocal responses rather than hand actions, suggesting that the asymmetry was not due to greater salience of the action than of the word stimuli. The asymmetry favoring actions over words was present in 12 Actions speak louder than words the Manual-Visual group (C), who saw rather than heard the word stimuli, indicating that it did not depend on faster processing of visual than auditory stimuli. Providing further confirmation that this asymmetry was not due to nonspecific factors, the Vocal–Visual group (D) showed the reverse asymmetry; irrelevant actions had a lesser effect on responding to words than did irrelevant words on responding to actions. These impressions were confirmed by an initial ANOVA, in which task (action-relevant, word-relevant) and compatibility (compatible, neutral, incompatible) were within-subject factors, and response mode (manual, vocal) and word modality (auditory, visual) were between-subject factors, and by subsequent analyses in which a 23 ANOVA (task x compatibility) was applied to the RT data from each group separately. The initial analysis indicated a significant three-way interaction (task x compatibility x response mode: F(2, 94) = 35. , p lt; . 001), and a nonsignificant four-way interaction (task x compatibility x response mode x word modality: F(2, 94) = 1. 1, p = . 341). The separate analysis of the data from the focal Manual-Auditory group yielded a significant interaction between task and compatibility (F(2, 22) = 20. 8, p lt; . 001), confirming that there was an asymmetry favoring actions over words. This interaction was also significant in the Manual-Visual group (F(2, 22) = 25. 5, p lt ; . 001), but it was 13 Actions speak louder than words bsent in the Vocal-Auditory group (F(2, 22) = 1. 5, p = . 252), and reversed in the Vocal-Visual group (F(2, 22) = 5. 5, p = . 017). In the two groups where there was an asymmetry favoring actions over words, mean RT in the action-relevant task was shorter than in the word-relevant task (Manual-Auditory: F(1, 11) = 48. 7, p lt; . 001; Manual-Visual: F(1, 11) = 172. 3, p lt; . 001). To check whether the action-dominant asymmetry was dependent on this main effect of task on RT, the data from these groups were subjected to bin analyses. For each group, RTs of each participant in each task were divided into five bins of equal size (Ratcliff, 1979). Three quintiles were selected in which, within group, mean RT on neutral trials was approximately equal in action-relevant and word-relevant tasks. The data from these quintiles were subjected to 2x3x3 ANOVAs (task x compatibility x bin). These analyses showed that, in each group, although there was no main effect of task on RT (Manual-Auditory: F lt; 1; Manual-Visual: F(1, 11) = 1. 1, p = . 16), there was a significant task x compatibility interaction (Manual-Auditory: F(2, 22) = 11. 8, p lt; . 001; Manual-Visual: F(2, 22) = 11. 9, p = . 001). Thus, the action-dominant asymmetry observed in the Manual-Auditory and Manual-Visual groups did not depend on faster responding in the action task than in the word task. 14 Actions speak louder than words Discussion Previous research has shown that healthy adult humans have a pervasive and automatic tendency to imitate the actions of others, but this is the first study to provide a stringent test of the strength of this tendency. Using hand actions in a Stroop procedure, the power of actions to elicit imitative responses was compared with the strength of our tendency to obey verbal commands. The results from the focal group, who made manual responses to simultaneously presented actions and spoken words, showed that the impact of irrelevant actions on responding to words was greater than the impact of irrelevant words on imitative responding to actions. The same asymmetry was observed when written, rather than spoken, words were presented, indicating that it was not due to faster processing in the visual modality. The same asymmetry was not observed when participants made vocal, rather than imitative, responses, indicating that the action-dominant asymmetry was not due to greater salience or discriminability of the action images than of the verbal stimuli. Therefore, these findings suggest that the human tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands. Previous studies have indicated that irrelevant actions influence the control of movements made in response to color, spatial and symbolic cues (Sturmer et al. , 2000; Bertenthal et al. 2006; Brass et al. , 2000). The present findings show for 15 Actions speak louder than words the first time that automatic imitation effects occur, not only when the imperative stimuli bear an arbitrary or purely spatial relationship with responses, but also when they are verbal commands; that is, when the relationship between the imperative stimulus and the response is both specific and overlearned. Langton, O’Malley, Bruce (199 6, Experiment 5) used a Stroop procedure to compare the power of actions and words, but they did not examine imitative responding. Instead, they required participants to make vocal responses to directional gestures (a person pointing up, down, left and right) and to their verbal equivalents, and found symmetrical compatibility effects; irrelevant gestures affected vocal responses to words to the same extent as irrelevant words affected vocal responses to gestures. We found the same symmetrical pattern in our Vocal-Auditory group, when participants were making nonimitative responses, but a contrasting pattern, indicating action dominance, when participants were making imitative responses. Thus, comparison of the two studies i) confirms that action dominance is specific to imitation, and ii) indicates that, in the case of nonimitative vocal responding, actions and words have comparable impact both when the action stimuli are pointing gestures and when they are opening and closing hand movements. 16 Actions speak louder than words In a variant of the game ‘Simon says’, played at teatime in Victorian England, children were required to grip the tablecloth when an adult, gripping or releasing the cloth, said ‘Hold tight! ’, and to release the cloth, regardless of the adult’s action, when he said ‘Let go! . Presumably, amusement derived from the fact that, like the participants in the present experiment, children could not resist the influence of automatic imitation, and were therefore compelled flagrantly to disobey the authority of verbal command. However, the results of the present study do not merely vindicate the disobedient behav ior of Victorian children. They show that automatic imitation is much more than a parlour game, or a device that experimental psychologists can use to investigate the processes involved in stimulus-response translation. These findings show that automatic imitation is not only pervasive but also powerful. Even among healthy, typicallydeveloping adults, it is more powerful than the tendency to obey verbal commands. In this context, actions do indeed speak louder than words. 17 Actions speak louder than words References Bertenthal, B. I. , Longo, M. R. , Kosobud, A. (2006). Imitative response tendencies following observation of intransitive actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 210–225. Brass, M. , Bekkering, H. , Wohlschlager, A. , Prinz, W. 2000). Compatibility between observed and executed finger movements: comparing symbolic, spatial, and imitative cues. Brain and Cognition, 44, 124-43. Buccino, G. , Binkofski, F. , Fink, G. 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Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport. Psychological Science, 14, 334-339. Langton, S. R. H. , OMalley, C. , Bruce, V. (1996). Actions speak louder than words: Symmetrical cross-modal interference effects in the processing of verbal and gestural information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1357–1375. Lhermitte, F. , Pillon, B. , Serdaru, N. (1986). Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: Imitation and utilization behavior: a neuropsychological study of 75 patients. Annals of Neurology, 19, 326-334. 19 Actions speak louder than words Meltzoff, A. N. Moore, M. K. (1997). Explaining facial imitation: A theoretical model. Early Development and Parenting, 6, 179-192. Ratcliff, R. (1979). Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 446–461. Simpson, A. Riggs, K. J. (2007). Under what conditions do young children have difficulty inhibiting manual actions? Developmental Psychology, 43, 417-428. Strafella, A. P. Paus, T. (2000). Modulation of cortical excitability during action observation: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroreport, 11, 22892292. Sturmer, B. , Aschersleben, G. , Prinz, W. (2000). Correspondence effects with manual gestures and postures: a study of imitation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 26, 1746-1759. Tagliabue, M. , Zorzi, M. , Umilta, C. , Bassignani, F. (2000). The role of longterm-memory and short-term-memory links in the Simon effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 26, 648-670. 20 Actions speak louder than words Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals (Psychological Review, Monograph Supplements, No. 8). New York: Macmillan. Wallbott, H. G. (1991). Recognition of emotion from facial expression via imitation? Some indirect evidence for an old theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 207-219. 21 Actions speak louder than words Author note AB is now at Faculte de Psychologie et des Sciences de lEducation, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. 22 Actions speak louder than words Figure caption Figure 1. RTs in compatible, neutral and incompatible trials for word-relevant (solid line) and action-relevant (broken line) task conditions. Results are presented separately for the four different participant groups: (A) ManualAuditory, (B) Vocal-Auditory, (C) Manual-Visual and (D) Vocal-Visual. Vertical bars indicate standard error of the mean. Images show compatible, neutral and incompatible stimulus compounds in action-relevant (Panel C) and word-relevant (Panel D) task conditions for the visual word modality groups (C and D). For the auditory word modality groups (A and B), words were spoken. 23