Topshop Singapore

It has about 300 tortes in the United Kingdom and over 100 international stores worldwide including Singapore. It launched in 1964 and is considered the first fast fashion brand in the history of fashion. The goal is to produce catwalk trends as fast and cheap as possible. In this report, our group conducted a survey about Tops to find out its target market and the perspective of these target market towards the brand. We basically asked people around school and friends around Singapore to answer this survey. We were able to asked 74 people in total to share their perception towards the brand plus basic information about them.We will be explaining the results in different segments and some findings about the brand. Consumer Demographics Tops appeals to students and professionals which can range from 16-30 years old. The line mainly focuses on women who are not yet married with the income range of SAG 12,000 to 62,000 per year. Target audience is young fashion-conscious ladies on a bud get (Perez, 2013). It can also target older group ranging from 31 to early ass since Tops targets women who cannot be defined by her age but instead her attitude (Perez, 2013). Consumer Chirography's Tops targets women who are addicted to fashion.According to Perez (2013), Tops targets two segments from the 8 segments of Val's II, which are achievers and experiences. Experiences spends a big amount of their income on fashion, entertainment and social life. They like looking good and having nice possessions. While achievers on the other hand are active on purchasing. They like showing their shows why they like shopping with their friends rather than their families. Regular consumers of Tops often aims to have a unique style which are influenced by trends and the current weather. They often go to Tops to seek for the latest rends so they can be ahead of the game.Some of them may not only have the love for fashion but also for music, film and food too. They love to shop for the latest fashion trends almost every month and opt for the unique not a specific style. Consumer Perception of Brand According to the survey that we did recently about Tops, Singapore residences are aware of the brand and most of them have bought something from Tops, although not a lot of them remains as a regular consumer of the brand due to some circumstances. Though, they still find Tops affordable and stylish, most of them onto consider it as their go-to brand when shopping for clothing.They're somehow in between depending on the products available up for grabs. It is considered as an affordable luxury brand and a major trendsetter for the fashion world. Page 10 Competitors Since Tops is a fast fashion brand, it has many competitors like Forever 21, H, Berserk, Starvations, Ezra and many other more. These competitors offer almost the same thing from price, place, and promotion. These brands gives consumers more range of products which they often compare and can steal customers from Tops. Singapore residences often shops more in Forever 21 and H since They offer almost the same thing so consumer tend to go for the cheaper. Although, some consumer still sticks with Tops when they opt for the latest forward- thinking trends while some who wants more ranges shops in both. Other brands such as Marc by Marc Jacobs and Juicy Couture can still be a competitor of Tops even though they are breech brands since it gives consumers more options. Customers' Opinion of the Marketing Mix Base on their ratings, Tiptop's store locations here in Singapore are placed on the eight area where shoppers usually demand for it.The variety of products that they offer are still satisfying for consumers and the quality of the products still remains remarkable. Although, customer are often not that satisfied with the services Tops offers in their stores and its merchandising. Also, the price of the products they sell are still a bit high considering that their mainline is affordable fashion for y oung women. They are not doing a very good Job on their promotions as well here in Singapore since not everyone knows about the promotions they do, like their latest collaboration with Car Delivering.The promotion of the brand here in Singapore is not as wide as their promotions in the USA or other countries. Tops consumers enjoy both in-store and online privileges. Page 1 1 Conclusion Many fast fashion brands are in competition with Tops, and this is a big threat for the brand. Although, Tops is still unique and is still growing as time passes by, status. However, the only draw back within the brand is its failure to provide prices that accommodate their large student market (Miraculous, 2009). As for recommendations, Tops should lower their prices to earn more customer so that hey would go back.

Post modern architecture

Watchtower I have chosen to research post modern architecture. This piece is called â€Å"Watchtower† by Sigma Pole in 1984. He used a synthetic polymer paint and dry pigment on patterned fabric. He is a German painter. He grew up in East Germany but moved later with his family to West Germany in Witch. He studied at the Academy of Art. He was Inspired by the â€Å"Capitalist Realist† ant-style art. He has created a unique design with scaffold In this painting.It Is suggested to be a concentration camp (momma). It could be a hunters blind or even a guard's post. Pole used many combinations to complete this appalling with extended paintings of the watchtower and varying the scenes around it. He used a phosphorescent glow to accent the towers top. Pole used an abstraction along with many images to form this interesting painting. I like the textures of the background patterns on the left hand corner. It looks like it could be a metal material. There is even a path leading to the watchtower ladder and designs and lights for abstract detail.Post modern architecture was a movement of international style beginning from the designs in the sass's but coming into effect in the sass's. It is a different type of art. In my opinion, It Is futuristic with the use of older designs. It has a sense of motion with the lights and many patterns. Pole Is known for his use of multiple media wealth one canvas (earthlier). This Isn't your typical architecture but it does include the elements to appear as an architectural design. Work cited The Museum of Modern Art, Momma Highlights, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 6 www. Earthlier. Com but moved later with his family to West Germany in Witch. He studied at the Academy of Art. He was inspired by the â€Å"Capitalist Realist† anti-style art. He has created a unique design with scaffold in this painting. It is suggested to be Pole used many combinations to complete this painting with extended paintings of art. In my opinion, it is futuristic with the use of older designs. It has a sense of Pole is known for his use of multiple media within one canvas (Ritchie). This isn't revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 306 www. Ritchie. Com

Nuclear Proliferation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nuclear Proliferation - Essay Example He asserted the strong linkage between these ecological issues which have potential threats for the environment. Having discussed the issue of nuclear danger, he offered his insightful views on the specific policies regarding the nuclear proliferation. In this regard, he highlighted the change in the nuclear policy that has been witnessed over the past few years and termed it as the Bush doctrine. Prior to the invasion of Iraq, all the previous presidents had tried to resolve the nuclear issue diplomatically. However, in the backdrop of the tragic incident of 9/11, Bush took a new preemptive stance like the United States’ brief exploration of possibility of the first strike on China before it could build the bomb. Schell defended this preemptive policy in the context of terrorist attack of 9/11 on the United States. Instead of condemning this preemptive policy, Schell continued to elaborate the possible future nuclear threats in the post 9/11 world. He presented the significant example of Pakistan and imparted awareness to the audience Pakistani becoming the nuclear state. The focus of his speech was on Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan’s activities of offering to sell the nuclear weapons to other states as well as to the terrorist groups. This account of Khan’s proliferation activities was supported by a former Ambassador to Pakistan present there who further explained to the audience details of the Khan’s efforts to sell the nuclear technology. The stance of Schell in this regard was quite daunting and he was of the opinion that the only solution to this problem was disarming the nuclear state. Schell said the major powers would have to offer the biggest ever bargaining chip to use for the peace talk if they wanted to take some serious steps. Schell clarified that it was not an ideal istic solution although, according to him, it was necessary if the nuclear proliferation was ever to work. Finally, Schell advised that it had been over 60 years

Analysis of a historic document, using a what, when,where, who why Essay

Analysis of a historic document, using a what, when,where, who why approach - Essay Example To illustrate how this approach functions to reveal a great deal of information about a document and/or a period, these five questions will be applied to a historical document, identified merely as an emigrant letter. The document presented is a pseudo-private document sent from an emigrant to the people he left back home. This can be determined as the letter is at first addressed to an individual â€Å"Dear Sir†, but immediately the letter is expanded to include anyone else who might be hungry for news of those who left their mother country for adventure and fortune in a new land. In addition, the writer indicates he is â€Å"very glad to hear that you are all in the injoyment (sic) of of (sic) good health when it left†1 indicating that he is writing to more than one person, but he also mentions personal issues such as his joy to hear â€Å"that my old parents were still alive but I am very sure they must be very frail indeed at their stage of life.†2 The letter continues to detail the business of the various individuals who are a part of their colony or settlement who might be known to those back home, again reaching out to touch more than simply the individual to whom the letter is addressed as it is clear that others back home will be eager for news. At the same time, the author provides detailed personal information about his own fortunes in the new land, which suggests to many in the modern age a greater degree of privacy than a community letter might provide. Thus, while it is a private communication, it nevertheless is recognized by the author that it will probably become public property upon its arrival as friends and family glean it for news of their loved ones. The document is dated as being written on August 23, 1862.3 It seems clear from its contents that this is a time during which families from England and Ireland were moving to

Knowledge management assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Knowledge management - Assignment Example The evaluation is the basis upon which the status of the system finds establishment. The policy will then be drafted on the basis of the findings. The strengths and weaknesses of the policy will then be tested for effectiveness in management of the university’s information and knowledge resources. The Information Technology department is an indispensable department in any organization. It manages the technological resources for the university. Management of the information system focuses on the technology used to gather information and data which is essential to run the university. The information should be safe and retrievable. Data collection methods collect the relevant information. A survey is one of the methods used to assess satisfaction the users of the information system get from its utilization. An online survey (Shapiro, 2004) can be used to collect the feedback on IT functionalities. It will gauge the strengths and weaknesses of the system. It will also be used to measure trends and attitudes toward new information technology. The IT survey design examines the use of information technology such as computers and programs. The survey should be close ended. It collects quantitative data. The information collected will help the university decide what information technology is available to support, plan, implement and evaluate new programs. It will enumerate and describe the programs available for the different groups of staff and students of the university. It will gather data on suggestions as to which programs and equipment could ameliorate the efficiency of the information management system. A survey is affordable and efficient. However, it lacks the flexibility required to capture certain qualitative information. It finds its application in lieu with interviews. Interviews can obtain in depth information on topics. Interviews capture qualitative information. They gather this

The purpose of After Action Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The purpose of After Action Review - Essay Example Also AAR meetings are not just held at the end of a project or after every six months, they are a continuous thing taking place every step of the way. In all meetings, it is better to repeat company policy and vision to inculcate it in the subordinates. Also, these meetings are not used to play a blame game but to learn from mistakes and implement it in future. All meetings answers four questions- what were the intended results-what were the actual results-what caused our results-what will we sustain or improve (Darling, Parry, and Moore, 2005) In the given situation, the organization under study is the OPFOR which is small in size, faces u predictable situations, it is not as well equipped as its competitors and turnover among leaders is high. Still AAR is the best solution for such an organization. The reason being that AAR gives them the ability to learn from past mistakes and implement them in future battles. It not only focuses on mistakes but also identifies opportunities through AAR and implements these in future. OPFOR does not only file or make reports of the proceedings of the AAR but also tests these results. Usually OPFOR conducts experiments of the hypothesis concluded from the AARs. And conducts more frequent AAR to combine all the results and prepare a comprehensive plan. The workability of AAR in other situation depends on the problem ... Still AAR is the best solution for such an organization. The reason being that AAR gives them the ability to learn from past mistakes and implement them in future battles. It not only focuses on mistakes but also identifies opportunities through AAR and implements these in future. OPFOR does not only file or make reports of the proceedings of the AAR but also tests these results. Usually OPFOR conducts experiments of the hypothesis concluded from the AARs. And conducts more frequent AAR to combine all the results and prepare a comprehensive plan. Also AARs work for the OPFOR as the leader himself takes accountability of what went wrong and lets his subordinates do his assessment building a unity among the team. Information from AAR which OPFOR generates is not just for documentation but is practically applied and tested and lessons are learned. Hence AAR works in these situations. The workability of AAR in other situation depends on the problem in hand. AAR will work in other situations but has to be customized according to the scenario. It cannot be applied exactly like OPFOR for example most business can experiment hypothesis for many reasons like budget requirements, risk to brand name etc but can adapt the main principles of this process. Most importantly business should learn to implement the findings in future projects and not just file them away and to conduct more frequent AARs. 3) Are AARs really opportunities to learn AARs provide an excellent opportunity to learn if they are implemented properly. Most businesses don't gain from it as they just conduct this exercise for mere filing of results, or the AARs are carried out after so long that important lessons are forgotten or they are

How Facilities and Resources in UK University Libraries Assist Essay

How Facilities and Resources in UK University Libraries Assist Students in Their Course of Work - Essay Example As the report declares there is a great deal of demand on students to be well armed with knowledge and relevant material for their course work and this relatively depends to the sources of material that they have access to. That is why libraries are of great importance to university students in the pursuit of academic excellence. The libraries stock all kinds of information through a wide variety of subjects. This assists university students in getting references for their various courses and it is compulsory for them to use these materials to understand the complexities of their curricula. Libraries have evolved with age and time in terms of their ways of preserving information. Initially, there were only books and other written material in the libraries but today, virtual libraries have emerged owing to the widespread use of internet in this digital age. This essay stresses that despite this transition in libraries, there are still misgivings on the capability of libraries to assist university students in their course work. The facilities and resources available in the libraries are the greatest concerns as far as the relevance of these libraries to the students is concerned. This is largely in connection to the rise in number of students pursuing university education and the effect of the internet as a key resource of preserving information. Digitizing of libraries has had a major impact in terms of financing for expansion so as to accommodate the computers for accessing information on the net.

Motivation and job satisfaction Literature review

Motivation and job satisfaction - Literature review Example Pizam (2005) noted that process theories are based on certain theories that include expectancy theory (1964), goal-setting theory (1990), cognitive evaluation theory, equity theory and reinforcement theory (1974). The process theories assist in having adequate understanding about the factors accountable for motivations and determining cognitive processes of an individual (Pizam, 2005). The definition of motivation has been identified to be explained by different authors in different context. According to Singh & Tiwari (2013), term motivation is defined as a method, which accounts the intensity, direction along with determination of practices of an individual towards a postulated goal. According to the study, it has been perceived that the degree of motivation of any individual or group varies in accordance with various influencing factors such as type of practices and time. Theory of motivation comprehensively includes three key determinants, including intensity, direction and persistence (Singh & Tiwari, 2013). Moreover, the study of Brown & Sargeant (2007) also suggests that term motivation is often characterised into two major categories such as extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. The concept of extrinsic motivation denotes the rewards that are tangible, including monetary benefits, promotion, security and conditions among others. On the other hand, the concep t of intrinsic motivation significantly defines the intangible rewards such as psychological appreciation, promotional rewards along with various types of approvals and admirations among others (Singh & Tiwari, 2013; Brown & Sargeant, 2007). In a sociological context, the theory of motivation is defined differently than the other area of interest. In this context, Zalenski & Raspa (2006), motivation is defined as a way where an individual is satisfied by addressing his/her different types of basic needs in his/her day-to-day life. The

MIS case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MIS - Case Study Example This may help to enhance the efficiency of service delivery (German, 2010). The relationship between regulatory consideration and wireless services arises from the fact that Sprint Company must install towers and equipments. The installed towers and signal may help the company to send wireless signals to its customers located in different locations. This will further enable the company to realize its strategies of providing the fasted and the most efficient wireless network as compared to its competitors in the telecommunication industry. This means that for this to happen Sprint company must take into consideration the regulations placed by the state and local government when installing towers and equipments that will facilitate effective and efficient supply of a higher bandwidth wireless network. For instance prior installing walls and equipment on the identified location, Sprint must obtain the approval of the local government, property owners to mention just but a few. In addition, the company must observe numerous bureaucracies that had been put forth by California commission regarding the sites situated near the Oceans (German, 2010). The interest of individual as customer conflict with that of homeowners in the sense that individual customers want a 4th generation Cellular services while home owners are against the installation of towers inside their building as they fear the higher frequencies may be detrimental to their property. Further, the homeowners value aesthetic more than the placement of new infrastructures for wireless connection Sprint Company. This has made it quite difficult for Sprint Company to implement its goals/objectives of providing a higher bandwidth wireless network connection to its customers and hence decrementing its profit maximization. However, despite the above a conflict of interest

Employment Relations 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment Relations 2 - Essay Example Ever since the need for the department has become prominent, it has made great strides and has evolved completely, the functions that we see any human resources department performing today are very different from the functions that it performed 2 or 3 decades ago, this is ample evidence to judge the importance of the role that human resources departments now perform in any given company. Employment relations means the relationship that exists between the employer and the employees and the factors that affect this bond are some institutional factors which would be discussed in detail later on in the paper, these factors are basically the economic, political and the cultural factors and how they affect the relationship of the employer and the employee and the role of the human resources department in tackling the various issues that may arise due to the impact of these factors is looked into in detail. The employment relation also looks into the rights that the employees have over the employer and the rights that the employer have over the employee, it also defines what needs to be done in different situations when a breach has been made by either party. Economic factors can also have an effect on the employment relation of the firm, for example in the micro economic context if the demand for the firms products goes down rapidly due to substitutes being now available at a cheaper market price then the firm would have to react to this negative factor in the environment and reply by having either lower prices or higher quality goods, but if the price has to be decreased some of the labor might have to be laid off and that can really hurt the relationship between the firm and its employees. If a labor union is involved then it would definitely protest against laying off for this reason and might threaten to halt all labor activities if the decision of the firm is not taken back. These are some decisions that the firm has to make very carefully and take the union into full confidence before announcing any such decision. On the other hand macroeconomic factors can also have a bearing on the firm and its relationship with the employees or trade unions, if the inflation level is extremely high and the company finds that it needs to cut down on costs or close a wing down then the same problems would ensue as those that have been mentioned above, but with measures such as negotiations and direct dialogue between the company and the trade unions such barriers can be overcome but there might be times when the issue would have to be resolved by putting the foot down, in that case the firm might have to pay a hefty price in the short term but in the long run it would be beneficial for the firm (Ed. 2008). Employees of any company have the right to join a labor union and that labor union has the right to represent that employee. Demand factors may reduce the facilities that are given to employees by the employer as this would translate into lower costs for the employee, this might be an alternative solution for laying off people and there have been examples where labor unions have accepted or brokered such deals where the w hole labor force would accept a lower wage when economic conditions are bad so that no one from the organization is laid off. Another factor is the political scenario or the political situation of the country that the firm is

College INC Essay Example for Free

College INC Essay This film focuses on the ethics of for profit educational institutions. With most of the coverage revolving around what critics characterize as the unethical and disloyal failure to inform students of the huge debt burden they will incur. Also the low graduation and retention rates to which they may fall victim, and the struggle they will likely face to obtain employment after graduation. The Huffington Post reported, that students from for-profit schools are more likely to borrow and drop out than at nonprofit schools. The report also finds that the majority of enrolled students  leave without a degree, half of them within four months. Most of the schools’ money was spent on recruiting, marketing, profiting, and CEO salaries whereas less than 18 percent was spent on instruction. The schools’ chief executive officers made an average of $7. 3 million. Nonprofits, state governments, and the federal government have made various attempts to regulate these institutions more carefully. The Obama administration and the U. S. Department of Education are involved in an ongoing legal battle fighting to force more disclosure by for-profit colleges. Many state legislatures have proposed and passed  laws tightening the governments grip on these institutions. 1 Jordan Schulte 1btaining a higher education does not mean merely that one will be equipped with the skills necessary to compete in the global marketplace. Instead a student should also have the opportunity to learn for learning’s sake. College is a time when students have an opportunity to engross themselves in great texts, immerse themselves in topics that they may never encounter again in their professions, and to think critically about the world’s problems and what it means to be a good, ethical citizen in today’s global society. In fact, since the beginning of higher education in the United States, dating back to Harvard College in 1636, one of the stated purposes has been to prepare citizens for active involvement in community life. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both pointed out the importance of creating informed and responsible citizens. In the early part of the twentieth century, John Dewey revolutionized the way we think about teaching and learning, arguing that educating is not just about filling receptors with tons of information. Rather, education is a combination of learning information and melding it with life experience. In my view, for-profit institutions are designed to ensure that the objectives of Franklin, Jefferson, and Dewey are not attained; and sometimes actively reversed. In for-profit colleges are taught and trained to follow strict rules, ingest textbooks tailor-made for the specific for-profit institution, complete uniform quizzes and essay 2 Jordan Schulte 2assignments, and remain quiet about the course material and presentation. What is the effect of this approach on the students? For the majority of students, there is tacit consent that they endure the regime simply to reach the end point: receiving a diploma. Some  demonstrate tacit consent by briefly showing up for class, perhaps for five minutes if the instructor is lucky, to ensure being marked present, and then dashing for the door. The strong complete the assignments with minimal effort to receive a grade and pass, whereas others may just give up at when faced with the challenge. THESE FOR-PROFIT COLLEGES MISLEAD THE GULLIBLE, WHO OFTEN CANNOT GET IN TO MORE ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS, INTO THINKING THAT A GLAMOROUS CAREER IN FASHION DESIGN, CULINARY ARTS OR RECORDING ENGINEERING IS JUST A FEW CLASSES AWAY. THERE IS NO COST TO THE STUDENT, AS HE BORROWS FROM THE GOVERNMENT. AND, BEFORE HE EVER GETS THE FIRST STATEMENT ON HIS LOAN, HE WILL RECEIVE A SUBSTANTIAL (SEVERAL THOUSAND DOLLAR) REFUNDABLE TAX CREDIT FOR HIS EXPENDITURES ON HIGHER EDUCATION. EVERYONE DOES NOT NEED TO GO TO COLLEGE. PERHAPS THE EXISTENCE OF THESE SCHOOLS IS A REFLECTION OF THE LACK OF PUBLICLY FUNDED VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS OR THE CONSTANT MEDIA MANTRA THAT ONLY THOSE WITH COLLEGE DEGREES CAN ACHIEVE THE AMERICAN DREAM. I WOULD PROPOSE THAT THESE SCHOOLS SHOULD EITHER BE CUT 3 Jordan Schulte 3OFF FROM FEDERAL LOAN FUNDING, OR, BETTER YET, BE PUT OUT OF BUSINESS. 4 Jordan Schulte 4.

Mughal Empire Culture and Religion

Mughal Empire Culture and Religion After the decline of Hindu kingdom around 1000 AD, a number of Islamic invaders and merchants came and went but could not caste any significant impact on the cultural life of people. Most of the invaders were tribal kings from the clan Hun and Pathan whose main motive was to plunder the country, loot the property as much as they could. They had no ambition to establish an empire and that is why their cultural impact is insignificant. This could not remain for a long period. The Muslim empire was established with the first battle of Panipat in 1526 AD. Their after we find a continuous interaction between these two major distinct communities Hindus and Muslims. Muslims were the rulers and Hindus became the ruled. Hindus were employed in a number of jobs under their Muslim rulers. Continuous intermingling takes place between these two communities in the coming several centuries. Trade and Commerce: The middle Classes Nature and Standard of Living The middle classes in medieval India consisted in the main, merchants, professional classes such as vaidyas and hakims and officials. There was high degree of professionalism among the Indian merchants. Some specialized in wholesale trade and others in retail trade, the former being called seth or bohra and the latter beoparis or banik. In south India the chettis formed the trading community. There was a special class banjaras who specialized in carrying trade. The banjaras used to move from place to place, sometimes with thousands of oxen, laden with food grains, salt, ghee etc. The sarrafs (shroff) specialized in changing money, keeping money in deposit or landing it, or transmitting it from one part of the country to the other by means of hundi. The hundi was letter of credit payable after a certain period. The use of hundies made it easier to move goods or to transmit money from one part of the country to another. The hundies were cashed at a discount which sometimes included ins urance so that the cost of goods lost or destroyed in transit could be recovered. By these means the Indian merchants could easily ship goods to countries of west Asia as well as where there were Indian banking houses. English and Dutch traders who came to Gujarat during the 17th century found the Indian financial system to be highly developed and the Indian merchants to be active and alert. There was keen competition for inside information and whenever there was a shortage of some goods in some parts of the country it was made good quickly by the merchants. But this applied to goods of high quality. Food grains and bulk articles were costly to move overland but not so costly if moved by rivers. hence the major rivers carried much more goods in medieval times than now. However the total trade was limited since the villages, while not completely self sufficient, bought only a limited number of things from outside such as salt, iron and few consumer goods. Long distance trade generall y catered to needs of the affluent sections in the cities. The trading community in India was fairly large in number and included some of the richest merchants in the world. The names of virji or vohra who dominated the Surat trade for several decades and who had a large fleet of ships, Malaya Chetti on the Coromandal coasts, and Abdul Ghaffoor Bohra who left 85 lacks of rupees in cash and goods at the time of his death in 1718 are some of the noteworthy cases. There were many wealthy merchants in Agra, Delhi, Orissa and Bengal. The wealthy merchants in the costal ports of Gujarat lived in an ostentatious manner and aped the manners of the nobles. They lived in lofty houses with coloured tiles, wore fine clothes, rode well caparisoned horses and had people carrying flags and banners before them when they moved out in public. European travellers mentioned the commodious and well built houses in which the wealthy merchants of Agra and Delhi lived. But the ordinary sorts lived in houses above their shops. The French traveller Bernier, says that that the merchants tried to look poor because they were afraid they would be used like filled sponges that is squeezed of their wealth. But Sher Shah passed many laws for protecting the property of the merchants. The laws of Sher Shah are well known. Jahangirs ordinances included a provision that if any one, whether unbeliever or Musalman should die, his property and effects should be left for his heirs, and no one should interfere with them. If he should have no heirs, they should appoint inspectors and separate guardians to guard the property, so that it value might be expanded in a lawful expenditure, such as the building mosques and sarais, repair of broken bridged and digging of tanks and wells. Thus the concept of protection of private property, including the property of merchants clearly emerged. Organization of Trade and Commerce Role of European Trading Companies Trade and commerce expanded in India during the first half of the 17th century due to a number of factors. Perhaps the most important factor was the political integration of the country under Mughal rule and establishment of conditions of law and order extensive areas. The Mughals paid attention to roads and sarais which maid communication easier. Uniform tax was levied on goods at the points of their entry into the empire. Road cesses or rahdari was declared illegal though it was continued to be collected by some of the local rajas. The Mughals minted silver rupees of high purities which became a standard coin in India and abroad and thus help Indias trade. Another factor which helped Indias was the arrival of the Dutch and English traders towards the beginning of the 17th century. Ralph Fitch during Akbars reign, said Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were each larger then London. Montserrat says Lahore was second to none of the cities in Europe or Asia. The growth of town and town life is one of the significant features of 17th century India. The Indian traders welcomed the Dutch and the English because these traders helped them to break the Portuguese monopoly of sea trade, and in course of time, helped to establish a direct link between India and European markets. The Portuguese power have begun to decline during the second half of the 16th century, as was demonstrated by the defeat by the Spanish armada by England in 1588. The Portuguese remained at Goa and also at Daman and Diu. But their shares in overseas trade declined continuously and were insignificant by the end of the century. The British could not succeed in India as long as the Mughal empire was strong but it was not long incoming as soon as the weakness of the empire became manifest. Architecture There was an outburst of many sided cultural activates in India under the Mughal rule. The tradition in the field of architecture, painting, literature and music created during this period set a norm and deeply influenced the succeeding generations. In this sense, the Mughal period can be called a second classical age following the gupta age in northern India. In this cultural development Indian traditions were amalgamated with the Turko Iranian culture brought to the country by the Mughals. The Timurid court at Samarqand had developed as the cultural centre of west and central Asia. Babur was conscious of this cultural heritage. He was determined to set proper standards. The development of art and culture in various regions of India during the 14th and 15th centuries had held to rich and varied development from which it was possible to draw upon. The Mughals built magnificent forts, palaces, public buildings, mosques and baolis etc. They also led out many formal gardens with running water in fact use of running water in their palaces, resorts was the special feature of the Mughals. Babur was very fond of gardens and laid out few gardens in the neighbourhood of Agra and Lahore. Some of the Mughals gardens such as the Nishant Bagh in Kashmir. The Shalimar at Lahore and Pinjore etc have survived even to this day. We do not find the tradition of developing gardens in prior Hindu Kingdoms. It began with the Mughals and today is very much the part of Indian culture. Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who had the time to undertake construction on a large scale. He built a series of forts. The most famous of which is the fort of Agra. In 1572 he commenced a palace cumfort complex at Fatehpur Sikri. Build atop a hill, along with a large artificial lake; it included many buildings in the style of Gujarat and Bengal. The Gujarat style of architecture is used most widely in the palace built probably for his Rajput wife or wives. Akbar took a personal interest in the work of construction at both Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. Persian or central influence can be seen in the glazed blue tiles used for decorations in the walls or for tiling the roofs. The period of Shahjahan needs no mention. His period is the best period of architectural development. Mughal architectural traditions were based on a combination of Hindu and Turko Iranian forms and decorative designs continued without a break into the 18th and early 19th centuries. Thus Mughals traditions influence the palace and forts of many provincial and local kingdoms. Even the golden temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar which was rebuilt several times during this period was built on the arch and dome principle and incorporated many features of the Mughals traditions of architecture. Painting The Mughals made a distinctive contribution in the field of painting. They introduced new themes depicting the court, battle scenes and the chase, added new colours and forms. They created a living tradition of painting which continued to work in different parts of the country long after the glory of the Mughals disappeared. The richness of the style again, was due to the fact that India had an old tradition of paintings. While no palm leaves older than the 12th century have survived to indicate the style of painting, the wall painting of Ajanta are an eloquent indication of its vigour. After the 8th century, the tradition seems to have decayed, but palm leaf manuscripts and illustrated Jain text from the 13th century onwards so the tradition had not died. Apart from the Janis some of the provincial kingdoms, such as Malwa and Gujarat extended their patronage to painting during the 15th century. A vigorous revival of the painting culture began only under Akbar. During the reign of Akbar paintings were organized in one of the imperial establishments. From the beginning of both Hindus and Muslims joined in the work. Thus, Jaswant and Dasawan were two of the famous painters of the Akbars court. Apart from illustrating Persian books of fables, the painters were soon assigned the task of illustrating the Persian text of the Mahabharata, Akbar Nama and others. Indian themes and Indian scenes thus came in vogue and helped to free the school from Persian influence. Indian colours such as peacock blue, Indian red etc began to be used. Above all the somewhat flat effect of the Persian style began to be replaced by the roundedness of the Indian brush giving the pictures three dimensional effect. The Mughals reached the climax under Jahangir who had a very discriminating eye. While the tradition continued under Shahjahan, Aurangzebs lack of interest in painting led to a dispersal of the artist to different places. This helped in the development of painting in the states of Rajasthan and the Punjab hills. The Rajasthan style of painting combined the themes and earlier traditions of western India or Jain school of painting with Mughal forms and styles. Thus, in addition to hunting and court scenes it had paintings on mythological themes, such as the dalliance of Krishna and Radha, or the Barah masa, that is, the seasons or the Ragas (melodies). The Pahari School continued these traditions. Language, Literature and Music By the time of Akbar knowledge of Persian had become so wide spread in North India that he dispensed with the tradition of keeping revenue records in local language Hindavi in addition to Persian. Persian prose and poetry reached a climax under the Akbars reign. Abul Fazal was a great scholar and a stylist as well as the leading historian of the age, set a style of prose writing which was emulated for many generations. The leading poet of the age was his brother Faizi who also helped in the translation of the Mahabharata. Utbi and Naziri were the leading Persian poets. Though born in Persia they were among the many poets among the scholars who migrated from Iran to India during the period and made the Mughal court one of the cultural centres of the Islamic world. All though not much significant work was done in Sanskrit but number of Sanskrit works produced during this period is quite impressive. The dalliance of Krishna with Radha and the milk maids, pranks of the child Krishna and stories from Bhagawat figure largely lyrical poetry in Bengali, Oriya, Hindi, Rajasthani and Guajarati during this period. Both Muslims and Hindus contributed in this. A leading Mughal novel Abdur Rahim Khan I Khanan, produced a fine blend of bhakti poetry with Persian Ideas of life and human relations. But the most influential Hindi poet was Tulsidas who created Ramchritmanas in dialect of eastern u.p. During the Muslim reign Akbar patronised Tansen of Gwalior who is credited with composing new melodies (ragas). Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well as many Mughal nobles followed this example. There are many apocrvohal stories about the burial of music by the orthodox Aurangzeb. Recent studies show that Aurangzeb banished singing from his court, but not performance of musical instrument. In fact, Aurangzeb himself was an accomplished veena player. Music in all forms continued to be patronised by the Aurangzebs queens in the harem and by the nobles. That is why the largest number of books on classical Indian music was written during Aurangzebs reign. But some of the most important developments in the field of music took place later on in the eighteenth century during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1720-48). Religious Ideas and Beliefs The bhakti movement continued apace during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Sikh movement had its origin with the preaching of Nanak. But its development is closely linked with the institution of Guru ship. Akbar had been deeply impressed with the Sikh gurus, and it is said, visited them at Amritsar. However, a clash began with the imprisonment and death of Guru Arjun by Jahangir. Dara the eldest son of Shahjahan, was by temperament scholar and a Sufi who loved to discourse with religious divines with the help of Brahmins of Kasi he got the Gita translated into Persian. But his most significant work was an anthology of the Vedas in the introduction to which Dara declared the Vedas to be heavenly books in point of time and in conformity with holy Quran thus underlining the belief that there were no fundamental difference between Hinduism and Islam. Dadu a Gujarati poet preached a non sectarian path. He refused to identify either with Muslim or with Hindus. Among the Muslims too, while the trained of tauhid continued apace a were supported by many leading Sufi saints, a small group of orthodox Ulama reacted against it. But the influence of the orthodox thinkers and preachers was limited. Their chief hope was that their ideas would receive the support and the backing of those who held position of wealth and power in society and the state. On other hand the liberal thinkers made their appeal to the broad masses. The recurrent cycles of liberalism and orthodoxy in the Indian History should be seen against the situation which was routed in the structure of the Indian society. It was one aspect of the struggle between and entrenched privilege and power on the one hand and the egalitarian and humanistic aspirations of the mass of the people on the other. The prestige and influence of the narrow orthodox elements and their re assertion of the narrow ideas and beliefs was a barrier to the growing process of rapprochement and tolerance among the votaries of the to dominant religions, Hinduism and Islam, and Hindrance to the process of cultural integration. The clash between the two trends came to the surface during Aurangzebs reign. Conclusion The thousands years from the beginning of the 18th century to the end of the 17th century saw important changes in the political, economic and cultural life of the country and also, to a smaller extent, in its social life. In the field of social life, the caste system continued to dominate, despite the challenge posed to it by Islam and loss of political power by the Rajput rulers who were duty bound to protect dharma which implied, among other things, the upholding the fourfold division of society(varnashrama dharma). Although the Nath Panthi Jogis and the Bhakti saints vehemently criticised the caste system, they could hardly make a dent in it. A tacit agreement was arrived at the in the course of time. The criticism of the caste system by saints did not, with some notable exceptions, extend to day to day or secular life , while the Brahmans acquiesced in the advocacy of the path of devotion as the way for salvation for all castes, specially for the sudras. However, the Brahmans continued to claim a privileged position for themselves, including the exclusive right to preach and educate. The Bhakti and Sufi saints gradually brought about a better understanding of the fundamental tenets of Hinduism and Islam underlining the fact that they had a great deal of similarity. This resulted in a greater spirit of mutual harmony and toleration, although forces advocating a narrow, intolerant approach continued to be strongly entrenched and sometimes influenced state police. But such occasions were, on the whole, very few. The Bhakti and Sufi saints also brought about important changes in the approach to religion, laying greater emphasis on true faith than to the formal observances they also contributed to the growth of regional languages and literature. But the excessive concern with religious and spiritual affairs resulted in setback to the growth of rational sciences, epically to the cultivation of science and technology. While the Portuguese monopoly of some of the oriental trade and their domination of seas had, on the whole a harmful effect on Indian trade and commerce, the Dutch and English traders who broke the Portuguese monopoly, helped to open the European markets for Indian products such as textiles, indigo, and salt petre which were not exported to Europe earlier. Thus, India was linked more closely to the rapidly expanding European market. However in the absence of strong navy and a well developed mercantile fleet, the Indian trader and producer could secure only a marginal share of the profits of this new trade. On the other hand, the richness of the oriental trade further whetted the appetite of the European nation and quickened their economic and technological growth. Under the Mughals, political integration was accompanied by a deliberated effort to create a unified ruling class consisting of Muslims and Hindus. The development in various fields in India during this period should not be lost sight of the growth of political integration. Indian society was one of the few societies in the world which was able to develop a more or less unified culture despite differences in race, religion and language. This unified culture was reflected in an outburst of creative activity which makes the 17th century a second classical age. In the south, the traditions of the Cholas were continued by the Vijayanagra kingdom. The Bahmni kingdom and its successor states also contributed to culture developments in various fields. The rich cultural developments in the various regional kingdoms during the 15th century were, to some extent integrated in the new cultural forms developed by the Mughals. However, this integrated culture came under pressure from the religious dogmatists of the two faiths as well as from the competing and conflicting interests of various sections in the ruling classes. But that it survived, on the whole till the middle of the 19th century is no mean tribute to all those saints, scholars and enlightened rulers who helped to fashion it. The period was also marked by economic developments and growth. Trade and manufactures expanded and there was expansion and improvement of cultivation also. However, the growth was uneven in different areas and during different phases. Apart from the Ganga valley where the Mughals spent a substantial part of the revenue resources of the empire the areas which developed rapidly during the 17th century were Gujarat, the Coromandal coast and Bengal. Perhaps, it is no accident that these have been the areas in the forefront of economic developments of India in the modern period, particularly the post independence era. Would India have continued to progress economically and even attained Industrial Revolution on its own, if the Mughal Empire had continued? The question is too speculative. Perhaps the Mughal Empire had already reached the limit of its development. The feudal aristocratic nature of the state and the neglect of science and technology by the ruling class were already placing limits to the economic developments of the country. But whether India was able to develop faster and in a more harmonious manner under the British rule is a question which will be explained in the subsequent volume on modern India.

Folate-conjugated Therapeutic Agents for Arthritis

Folate-conjugated Therapeutic Agents for Arthritis IN VIVO STUDIES Consistent performance of a controlled release formulation upon dosing is critical to a quality product. In vivo evaluation of any drug delivery system is quite essential because many factors like pH of different biological organs, enzyme systems and variable affinity of carrier system for the various biological fluids including the tissues are expected to influence its performance. These factors affect the in vivo biological distribution and the drug release profile from a novel carrier system. In vivo studies are important in evaluating the bioavailability of drug from the designed formulations. Screening of the anti-inflammatory activity The screening methods for the evaluation of anti inflamatory activity have been classified as follows :- A. Nonimmunological methods 1. Evaluation of acute inflammation Carrageenan induced paw edema model (Winter et al.,1962) Histamine induced hind paw method. Carrageenan granuloma pouch technique. 2. Evaluation of chronic inflamation Formaldehyde induced arthritis. B.  Immunological methods 1. Adjuvant induced arthritis Complete Freunds adjuvant induced arthritic model. 2. Collagen induced arthritic model. 3. Borrelia burgdorferi induced arthritic model. C.  Miscellaneous U.V. erythema inflamatory model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male albino rats In vivo study was performed on the albino rats (av.wt.100 ±20 g).The animal studies were conducted with the permission of Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.). Animals were housed in plastic cages in the thermoneutral environment, and were supplied with feed pellet and water ad libitum. Induction of arthritis Carrageenan induced arthritis method was selected for present study (Winter et al., 1962). Carrageenan acts as phlogistic agent which causes the formation of edema due to stimulation of release of various proinflamatory agents like prostaglandins, histamine and serotonin, bradykinin. tachykinins, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species etc. BIODISTRIBUTION STUDY The rats were divided into four groups with each group comprising of three animals and labelled properly. After induction of arthritis plain drug suspended in PBS (pH 7.4), ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs in a dose equivalent to etoricoxib of 0.5 mg/kg body weight were administered through tail vein to albino rats. After 6 hr following administration of formulation, blood of animals was collected from retro orbital plexus of the eye, the rats were sacrificed and various organs such as liver, lung, kidney, spleen and arthritic knee joint were isolated. The organs were weighed, washed in PBS (pH 7.4) and stored at -20 °C until further required. Table 7.1 Data of biodistribution of etoricoxib in albino rats after i.v. administration of formulations Organs System Distribution of % injected dose /whole organ or tissue at 6 hr Blood Plain drug 53.17 ±2.11 ETX-NPs 29.23 ±1.39 f-ETX-NPs 24.39 ±1.10 Liver Plain drug 17.0 ±2.10 ETX-NPs 18.21 ±2.43 f-ETX-NPs 21.25 ±2.11 Spleen Plain drug 10.69 ±1.13 ETX-NPs 12.43 ±1.47 f-ETX-NPs 11.45 ±1.25 Kidney Plain drug 9.08 ±0.49 ETX-NPs 6.60 ±0.65 f-ETX-NPs 6.20 ±0.68 Lung Plain drug 2.76 ±0.28 ETX-NPs 4.81 ±0.53 f-ETX-NPs 6.60 ±0.71 Non-inflamed joint Plain drug 0.106 ±.02 ETX-NPs 0.11 ±0.02 f-ETX-NPs 0.104 ±.017 Inflamed joint Plain drug 0.11 ±0.020 ETX-NPs 0.35 ±0.058 f-ETX-NPs 1.42 ±0.049 Each value is expressed as mean  ±SD (n=3) Figure 7.1(A) % concentration of etoricoxib in blood after 6 hr of i.v. injection         Figure 7.1(B) % concentration of etoricoxib in liver after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(C) % concentration of etoricoxib in spleen after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(D) % concentration of etoricoxib in kidney after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(E) % concentration of etoricoxib in lung after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(F) % concentration of etoricoxib in noninflamed joint after 6 hr of i.v. injection Figure 7.1(G) % concentration of etoricoxib in inflamed joint after 6 hr of i.v. injection PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDY Carrageenan-induced Paw edema in rats This model is based on the principle of release of various inflamatory mediators by carrageenan. Edema formation due to carrageenan in rat paw is biphasic event. The initial phase is attributed to the release of histamine and serotonin. The second phase of edema is due to the release of prostaglandins, protease and lysosome. Assay was performed by single subcutaneous injection of 1% (0.1 ml) carrageenan as phlogistic agent and inflamation was determined by measuring change in the volume of inflamed paw , using a well calibrated plethysmometer (UGO,BASILE 7140, Italy). The carrageenan edema test was performed for drug loaded BSA nanoparticles as described by (Winter et al., 1962). Albino rats selected for the present study were weighed, numbered and left paw was marked with ink at the level of tibiotarsic articulation, so that every time, the paw was dipped into the plethysmometer up to the fix mark to ensure the constant paw volume. Basal paw volume was measured plethysmographically by volume displacement method using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile 7140 Italy ) by immersing the paw till the level of tibiotarsic articulation The weight of each animal was taken, averaged and were found to be around 120 g .The day time was chosen for the study to avoid any significant changes in the circardian rhythyms. Animals were divided into four groups (n=3) including one controlled group starved overnight with water ad libitum prior to the day of experiment. Test formulation of drug loaded BSA NPs (0.2%w/v) and plain drug suspended in PBS (pH 7.4) in dose of 0.5 mg/kg body wt. was administered through iv route to albino rats of respective groups excluding control group. The co ntrol group was injected with normal saline (PBS, pH 7.4). After administration of test formulations of drug loaded NPs of BSA, the rats were challenged by a subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of 1% solution of carrageenan into the sub-plantar side of the right hind paw. The paw volume was measured every hour till 4th hr and subsequently readings were taken at 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hrs after challenge. The increase in paw volume was calculated as percentage compared with the basal volume. The difference of average values between treated animals and control group is calculated for each time interval and evaluated statistically. The percent Inhibition for each group was calculated using the formula as follows. Vcontrol -Vtreated % inhibition of edema = -χ 100 Vcontrol Where Vcontrol =mean edema volume of rats in control group, Vtreated mean edema volume of each rat in test group. The results are reported in the Table 7.2. A graph was plotted between % inhibition of edema Vs time ( Figure 7.2). Table 7.2 Screening Data for anti-inflamatory activity of plain drug solution, drug loaded nanoparticulate system and ligand conjugated drug loaded nanoparticulate system using carrageenan induced paw edema model. Time (hr) % Inhibition of edema Plain drug solution Drug loaded nanoparticulate system Ligand conjugated drug loaded nanoparticulate system 1/2 15.14 ±1.9 6.71 ±0.81 7.54 ±1.1 1 24.21 ±2.8 10.32 ±1.7 18.91 ±3.3 2 37.42 ±3.8 12.54 ±1.8 23.01 ±5.2 4 41.53 ±4.2 19.37 ±2.1 38.41 ±4.2 8 32.27 ±3.5 26.57 ±3.2 47.50 ±3.9 12 21.59 ±2.2 46.91 ±3.9 62.35 ±6.9 24 12.01 ±1.8 28.12 ±3.4 55.01 ±8.3 36 7.37 ±0.79 19.97 ±2.6 48.72 ±7.6 48 ND 12.10 ±1.9 24.59 ±3.3 60 ND 7.53 ±0.87 18.15 ±2.8 72 ND ND 7.78 ±0.89 ND= Not detectable; each value is expressed as mean  ±SD (n=3) Figure 7.2 Plot of % inhibition of edema Vs time Statistical analysis Results were expressed as mean  ±standard deviation (SD) and statistical analysis was performed with PSS 10.1 Chicago (USA). The biodistribution parameters were calculated with the help of (pk analyst) scientific programme from Micromath Inc. (UK). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In vivo studies are important in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of designed dosage forms and also help in establishing the correlation between the results obtained from the in vitro experimentation to that of in vivo conclusions. In order to understand the fate of drug loaded NPs in vivo, the biodistribution of drug in various major organs was investigated. The amount of drug in the body depends upon its release, distribution metabolism and excretion from body. The concentration of drug in inflamatory knee joint was found about 3 folds higher in case of drug loaded NPs and about 10 folds higher in case of folic acid conjugated system as compare to the free drug administration. These results evidenced the site specific targeting of drug in inflammatory region. Concentration of drug in blood was found to be 53.17 ±2.11 % in case of plain drug solution, while in case of ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs it was found to be about 29.23 ±1.39 % and 24.39 ±1.10 % respectively of the whole injected dose which proved the sustained effect of formulations. The concentration of drug in liver was found to be 17.0 ±2.10%, 18.2 ±2.43% and 21.2 ±2.119% of the whole injected dose in case of plain drug, ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs respectively. Slight increase in the amount of drug (although very less) in various organs from formulations ETX-NPs and f-ETX-NPs suggested the RES uptake of nanoparticulate formulations in those organs. Concentration of drug in inflamed joint was raised up to 3 fold in case of plain ETX-NPs and 10 fold in case of f-ETX-NPs as compared to plain drug administration. This proved the targeting efficiency of nanoparticulate formulations both uncoupled as well as folate conjugated nanoparticles. The % inhibition of edema was found to be significantly higher from f-ETX-NPs as compared to the ETX-NPs and plain drug .The folic acid (folate) attached to the surface of NPs might have carried the NPs to folate receptors over expressed on the activated macrophages that is responsible for the release of various inflamatory cytokines including prostaglandins (PGs). CONCLUSION The above data suggested that the development of folate-conjugated therapeutic agents in treatment of arthritis may further enhance its site specific drug delivery at inflamed joints and may also be used as sustained drug delivery system in rheumatoid arthritis.

Do Cleaning Chemicals Clean As Well After They Have Been Frozen :: essays research papers

Do Cleaning Chemicals Clean As Well After They Have Been Frozen Problem:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The researcher is trying to determine whether or not cleaning materials will clean as well if they have been frozen solid and subsequently thawed out until they have returned to a liquid state of matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The researcher will use Dial Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner, Clorox Bleach, and Parson's Ammonia, applied to simple bacon grease, to determine which chemical is least affected by the glaciation. Hypothesis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The researcher feels that the process of glaciation will degrade the ability of these three household cleaning chemicals to breakdown the most common kitchen cleaning problem - grease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, the freezing, thawing, and then freezing again of ice cream puts the substance through the freezing process. The result is a separation of heavy and light substances which breaks down the food. The researcher feels that the same end result may happen with the cleaning materials. Experimentation Test Concept:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to determine weather the glaciation process affected the cleaning chemicals, it is first important to establish its potency prior to freezing. Accordingly, two test sets were created by the researcher. The purpose of the test was to determine how well the chemicals could break down household grease before and after the substances were frozen. The first test set would focus on unfrozen chemicals, while the second was set up for previously frozen chemicals. The Test:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start the experiment the researcher fried four pieces of bacon until there was enough grease in the skillet to perform the test. He then put a quarter teaspoon of the grease onto two nine by thirteen casserole dishes. Each casserole dish was set up for three frozen and three unfrozen chemical cleaners. A measured amount of cleaner (both frozen and unfrozen) was added to each spot of grease. After approximately two minutes of breaking down the grease, the dishes were raised to a uniform height at one end and the broken down grease was allowed to run. By measuring how far the grease ran, the researcher could then determine how much the cleaner broke down and therefore which cleaner was

I Am Forty-seven and I Wish to Study Law Essay -- Law College Admissio

I Am Forty-seven and I Wish to Study Law "If I had it to do over again, I would go to law school." That has been my response for the last fifteen years whenever I was asked if I felt fulfillment in my chosen profession. The truth is, I never felt fulfilled because I never really chose a profession. As did many working-class people with no advanced education, my parents believed that the road to success was through education. Hence I was encouraged to pursue an academic education in high school and to attend college. Beyond that point, there was no plan. My career planning process resembled the path that a pin-ball experiences during its descent through a maze of bumpers, obstacles and flippers. Considering my financial status (I had no money for college) and my vocational preference or suitability (I had no idea what I wanted to do, but I was mechanically-oriented and "good with my hands") my guidance counselor, using all the diagnostic skills and insights he could muster, advised that I consider either engineering or dentistry. His list of candidate institutions included Drexel Institute of Technology and Temple University, each of which was local and had arranged a program so that a student could work full-time to earn tuition while attending college. Upon receiving letters of acceptance from both schools, a flip of a coin at the counselor's desk cemented the lifetime decision: engineering it was! Almost immediately after starting Drexel, I was certain that I had chosen incorrectly. My father was of the strong opinion that one completed what one had started, however, and being a reasonably obedient son, I completed five years of arduous undergraduate engineering school. ... ...ssful real estate development and management firm. I never had a business or project repossessed by lenders or creditors, and I never experienced any bankruptcy or debtor's action against me. Along the way, I found time to fit in twenty five years of active Barbershop Quartet and Chorus singing which allowed me to serve in every major chapter officer's position, make enough significant administrative contributions to be elected to the honorary fraternity within our singing society (100 out of 6000 men), earn medals in several international competitions and appear on the stage at Carnegie Hall. So I guess in today's world I would be considered successful; however, something has been missing. If I had it to do over again, I would go to law school. Now that my children are grown and my family's finances are secure, I have the opportunity to do it over again.

HENRY FORD :: essays research papers

hENRY FORD ---------- He produced an affordable car, paid high wages and helped create a middle class. Not bad for an autocrat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry Ford1863-1947Henry Ford's parents left Ireland during the potato famine and settled in the Detroit area in the 1840s. Ford was born in what is now Dearborn, Michigan. His formal education was limited, but even as a youngster, he was handy with machinery. He worked for the Detroit Edison company, advancing from machine-shop apprentice to chief engineer. In 1893, Ford built a gasoline engine, and within a few years, an automobile, still a novelty item of the rich or do-it-yourself engineers. In 1899 Ford left Edison to help run the Detroit Automobile Company. Cars were still built essentially one at a time. Ford hoped to incorporate ideas from other industries -- standardized parts as Eli Whitney had used with gun manufacturing, or assembly line methods George Eastman tried in photo processing -- to make the process more efficient. This idea struck others in his field as nutty, so before long, Ford quite Detroit Automobile Company and began to build his own ra cing cars. They were good enough to attract backers and even partners, and in 1903, he set up the Ford Motor Company.He still met resistance to his ideas for mass production of a car the average worker could afford. But he stuck to his goal and finally in 1908, began production of the Model T. Ford gradually adapted the production line until in 1913, his plant incorporated the first moving assembly line. Demand for the affordable car soared even as production went up: before Ford stopped making the model T in 1927, 15 million had been sold, and Ford had become the leading auto manufacturer in the country. In addition to the moving assembly line, Ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees, ensuring he could get enough and the best workers. During the Model T era, Ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control of the now vast corporation. He continued to innovate, but competitors (growing more powerful t hough fewer in number) began to cut into Ford's market share.Ford became interested in politics and as a successful and powerful business leader, was sometimes a participant in political affairs. In 1915, he funded a trip to Europe, where World War I was raging. He and about 170 others went -- without government support or approval -- to seek peace.

Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins

Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Sheila Grant SCI/241 December 23, 2012 Tia Patterson Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins All types of vitamins are essential for everyone to include in their diet to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They are classified into two different classifications. There is fat soluble which are A, D, E and K. The other classification is water soluble vitamins, which is vitamin C and B. Vitamin C and B are also known as complex group vitamins. Vitamins are crucial for the human body to properly function. Foods we eat have different kinds of vitamins, some may have one and some many have multiple vitamins.Watching what you eat will ensure the body is getting plenty of vitamins for your body to function properly. Our body does not make the vitamins we need to sustain life; therefore we need vitamins to maintain proper function of the body system. Vitamins we consume from the foods we eat are one part of a healthy diet. Vitamins help our body function like cell growth, energ y metabolism, immune system, nervous system, circulatory system and reproduction system. Vitamins help fight off infections and as we get older the risk for infections increase. Vitamins are just as important to babies as it is the elderly.Everyone will benefit and have a healthy diet if vitamins are crucial in their diet. The fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Vitamin A is a crucial vitamin because it helps the eyes and skin to be healthy. Vitamin A is important because it helps teeth and bones to be strong. Vitamin A is also beneficial to the bodies reproductive and immune systems. There are some ideal sources of vitamin A for a healthy diet. They are carrots, sweet potato, tomatoes, green beans, bell peppers, and spinach. The deficiency of Vitamin A could cause diarrhea, intestinal infections, inflammation of the eyes and keratinization of skin and eyes.An individual who consumes too much Vitamin A could cause, blurred vision, enlargement of liver and spleen, loss of hair, s kin changes, and increased pressure of skull. Vitamin D vitamins help regulate the use of phosphorous for our body. According to Nutrition, â€Å"Active vitamin D is needed to maintain normal blood levels of the minerals calcium and phosphorus. Calcium is important for bone health, but it is also needed for proper functioning of nerves, muscles, glands, and other tissues† (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Vitamin D can be made in the body and can be absorbed through the skin by sun exposure.When the body has low levels of Vitamin D, the body stores inactive Vitamin D and activategbs it through the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency in children will cause rickets which is smaller rib cages and bowed legs. Deficiency in adults is Osteomalacia, which causes bone loss. When an individual consumes an excessive amount of Vitamin D, they can have high amounts of calcium in the blood and urine. It also could cause heart problems. Some excellent sources of Vitamin D are salmon, eggs, m ilk, tuna, and cod liver oil.Vitamin E maintains the nerves and the reproductive system to help keep them healthy. The benefit of Vitamin E is it promotes healthy skin. There are excellent sources of Vitamin E found in food, they are; sunflower seeds, almonds, turnip greens and mustard greens. Deficiency of Vitamin D could cause anemia in low birth weight babies. This would happen if starvation was a cause though. Overconsumption of this vitamin causes massive nausea and digestive track conditions. â€Å"Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that is needed by the body for blood clotting and other important process. (Leopold, 2010) The benefits of vitamin K are used in management of extreme bleeding. Too much bleeding can occur from a deficiency of vitamin K mainly with the use of blood thinning agents. Some symptoms related to the deficiency of vitamin K are; nose bleeds, broken blood vessels, blood in urine and bleeding gums. Some problems with vitamin K when excessively taken is upse t stomach and really high doses the person may have an allergic reaction. Excellent sources for Vitamin K are, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, celery, tomatoes and spinach.Water-soluble vitamins are B-complex and Vitamin C. These two vitamins are not stored in the body and will need to be replaced every day. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and therefor they are eliminated in urine. B-complex groups have eight water-soluble vitamins which are; niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid, thiamin and riboflavin. The sources of the vitamins are found in, grains, vegetables, meats, eggs, milk and dairy. B-complex vitamins help the body get energy from the food we eat. It also helps aid in protein metabolism, and helps many body functions.Citrus fruits like oranges are ideal sources for Vitamin C. Vitamin C help maintain blood vessels, bones and teeth. Vitamin C gives us protection again immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease and prevents skin wrinkling. In some countries b eriberi, pellagra and pernicious are three common B-vitamin deficiencies. When people overeat certain types of food the deficiency can cause cracks at corners of mouth, impaired growth, mental confusion and eyes sensitive to light. Deficiency to Vitamin C could cause bleeding gums, sore joints, increased infections and easily bruised.Toxicity among the two vitamins can cause diarrhea, bloating, kidney stones, abnormal liver function and irritability. In some cases Vitamin C has the power to diminish the threat of different types of cancer, heart disease and cataracts. Vitamin C serves as an antioxidant as it can fight off infections they may cause harm to our bodies. References Leopold, D. C. (2010, December). Vitamin and Lifestyle Guide. Retrieved from http://webmd. com/vitamins Grosvenor, M. B. , & Smolin, L. A. (2006). Nutrition: Everyday choices. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Sheila Grant SCI/241 December 23, 2012 Tia Patterson Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins All types of vitamins are essential for everyone to include in their diet to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They are classified into two different classifications. There is fat soluble which are A, D, E and K. The other classification is water soluble vitamins, which is vitamin C and B. Vitamin C and B are also known as complex group vitamins. Vitamins are crucial for the human body to properly function. Foods we eat have different kinds of vitamins, some may have one and some many have multiple vitamins.Watching what you eat will ensure the body is getting plenty of vitamins for your body to function properly. Our body does not make the vitamins we need to sustain life; therefore we need vitamins to maintain proper function of the body system. Vitamins we consume from the foods we eat are one part of a healthy diet. Vitamins help our body function like cell growth, energ y metabolism, immune system, nervous system, circulatory system and reproduction system. Vitamins help fight off infections and as we get older the risk for infections increase. Vitamins are just as important to babies as it is the elderly.Everyone will benefit and have a healthy diet if vitamins are crucial in their diet. The fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Vitamin A is a crucial vitamin because it helps the eyes and skin to be healthy. Vitamin A is important because it helps teeth and bones to be strong. Vitamin A is also beneficial to the bodies reproductive and immune systems. There are some ideal sources of vitamin A for a healthy diet. They are carrots, sweet potato, tomatoes, green beans, bell peppers, and spinach. The deficiency of Vitamin A could cause diarrhea, intestinal infections, inflammation of the eyes and keratinization of skin and eyes.An individual who consumes too much Vitamin A could cause, blurred vision, enlargement of liver and spleen, loss of hair, s kin changes, and increased pressure of skull. Vitamin D vitamins help regulate the use of phosphorous for our body. According to Nutrition, â€Å"Active vitamin D is needed to maintain normal blood levels of the minerals calcium and phosphorus. Calcium is important for bone health, but it is also needed for proper functioning of nerves, muscles, glands, and other tissues† (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Vitamin D can be made in the body and can be absorbed through the skin by sun exposure.When the body has low levels of Vitamin D, the body stores inactive Vitamin D and activategbs it through the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency in children will cause rickets which is smaller rib cages and bowed legs. Deficiency in adults is Osteomalacia, which causes bone loss. When an individual consumes an excessive amount of Vitamin D, they can have high amounts of calcium in the blood and urine. It also could cause heart problems. Some excellent sources of Vitamin D are salmon, eggs, m ilk, tuna, and cod liver oil.Vitamin E maintains the nerves and the reproductive system to help keep them healthy. The benefit of Vitamin E is it promotes healthy skin. There are excellent sources of Vitamin E found in food, they are; sunflower seeds, almonds, turnip greens and mustard greens. Deficiency of Vitamin D could cause anemia in low birth weight babies. This would happen if starvation was a cause though. Overconsumption of this vitamin causes massive nausea and digestive track conditions. â€Å"Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that is needed by the body for blood clotting and other important process. (Leopold, 2010) The benefits of vitamin K are used in management of extreme bleeding. Too much bleeding can occur from a deficiency of vitamin K mainly with the use of blood thinning agents. Some symptoms related to the deficiency of vitamin K are; nose bleeds, broken blood vessels, blood in urine and bleeding gums. Some problems with vitamin K when excessively taken is upse t stomach and really high doses the person may have an allergic reaction. Excellent sources for Vitamin K are, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, celery, tomatoes and spinach.Water-soluble vitamins are B-complex and Vitamin C. These two vitamins are not stored in the body and will need to be replaced every day. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and therefor they are eliminated in urine. B-complex groups have eight water-soluble vitamins which are; niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid, thiamin and riboflavin. The sources of the vitamins are found in, grains, vegetables, meats, eggs, milk and dairy. B-complex vitamins help the body get energy from the food we eat. It also helps aid in protein metabolism, and helps many body functions.Citrus fruits like oranges are ideal sources for Vitamin C. Vitamin C help maintain blood vessels, bones and teeth. Vitamin C gives us protection again immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease and prevents skin wrinkling. In some countries b eriberi, pellagra and pernicious are three common B-vitamin deficiencies. When people overeat certain types of food the deficiency can cause cracks at corners of mouth, impaired growth, mental confusion and eyes sensitive to light. Deficiency to Vitamin C could cause bleeding gums, sore joints, increased infections and easily bruised.Toxicity among the two vitamins can cause diarrhea, bloating, kidney stones, abnormal liver function and irritability. In some cases Vitamin C has the power to diminish the threat of different types of cancer, heart disease and cataracts. Vitamin C serves as an antioxidant as it can fight off infections they may cause harm to our bodies. References Leopold, D. C. (2010, December). Vitamin and Lifestyle Guide. Retrieved from http://webmd. com/vitamins Grosvenor, M. B. , & Smolin, L. A. (2006). Nutrition: Everyday choices. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

The Alma Ata Declaration Health And Social Care Essay

The Alma Ata Declaration was officially adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma Ata ( in present Kazakhstan ) in September 1978 ( WHO, 1978 ) . It identifies and stresses the demand for an immediate action by all authoritiess, all wellness and development workers and the universe community to advance and protect universe wellness through Primary Health Care ( PHC ) ( ibid ) . This has been identified by the Declaration as the cardinal towards accomplishing a degree of wellness that will let for a socially and productive life by the twelvemonth 2000. The rules of this declaration have been built on three ( 3 ) key facets which include: Equity – It acknowledges the fact that every person has the right to wellness and the realization of this requires action across the wellness sector every bit good as other societal and economic sectors. Participation – It besides identifies and recognises the demand for full engagement of communities in the planning, administration, execution, operation and control of primary wellness attention with the usage of local or national available resource. Partnership – It strongly supports the thought of Partnership and coaction between authorities, World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and UNICEF, other international administrations, many-sided and bilateral bureaus, non-governmental administrations, support bureaus, all wellness workers and the universe community towards back uping the committedness to primary wellness attention every bit good as increasing fiscal and proficient support particularly in developing states. Other of import rules identified by the Declaration include: wellness publicity and the appropriate usage of resources. The declaration calls on all authoritiess to explicate schemes, policies and actions to establish and prolong primary wellness attention and integrate it into the national wellness system. It was endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 1978 hence enshrining it into the policy of the WHO ( Horder, 1983 ) .BackgroundBack in the sixtiess and 1970s, many developing states of the universe gained independency from their colonial leaders. In attempts to supply good quality health care service for the population, these new authoritiess established learning infirmaries, medical and nursing schools most of which were located in urban countries ( Hall & A ; Taylor, 2003 ) therefore making a job of entree to ‘good quality ‘ wellness service particularly for people that reside in rural communities. Successful programmes were initiated by Tanzania, Sudan, Venezuela and China in the sixtiess and 1970s to supply primary attention wellness services that was basic every bit good as comprehensive ( Benyoussef & A ; Christian, 1977 ; Bennett, 1979 ) . It is on the footing of these programmes that the term ‘Primary Health Care ‘ was derived ( Hall & A ; Taylor, 2003 ) . In low income states, the primary wellness attention scheme as described by the Alma Ata was really influential in puting wellness policy during the 1980s nevertheless in high income states such as the United Kingdom, it was considered irrelevant on the given that the degree of primary attention service was already good developed ( Green et al. , 2007 ) . Primary wellness attention has been defined in the Declaration of Alma Ata as ; â€Å" indispensable wellness attention based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and engineering made universally accessible to persons and households in the community through their full engagement and at a cost that the community and state can afford to keep at every phase of their development in the spirit of self trust and self-government. It forms an built-in portion both of the state ‘s wellness system, of which it is the cardinal map and chief focal point, and of the overall societal and economic development of the community. It is the first degree of contact of persons, the household and community with the national wellness system conveying wellness attention every bit near as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first component of a go oning wellness attention procedure. † ( WHO, 1978 ) The Alma Ata Declaration brought about a displacement on accent towards preventative wellness, preparation of multipurpose paramedical workers and community based workers ( Muldoon et al. , 2006 ) . In order to accomplish the planetary mark of wellness for all by the twelvemonth 2000, ends were being set by the WHO ( WHO, 1981 ) some of which include: At least 5 % of gross national merchandise is spent on wellness. A sensible per centum of the national wellness outgo is devoted to local wellness attention. Equitably distribution of resources At least 90 % of new-borne babies have a birth weight of at least 2500g. The infant mortality rate for all identifiable subgroups is below 50 per 1000 live-births. Life anticipation at birth is over 60 old ages. Adult literacy rate for both work forces and adult females exceeds 70 % . Trained forces for go toing gestation and kid birth and lovingness for kids for at least 1 twelvemonth of age. It has been over 30 old ages now that the Declaration of Alma Ata was adopted by the WHO. A expression at the current wellness tendency around the universe particularly in developing states such Nigeria, Ghana, Niger, Zimbabwe and so many others will uncover that the end of accomplishing wellness for all by the twelvemonth 2000 through primary wellness attention has non been a world. Although there have been sensible betterment in immunization, sanitation and entree to safe H2O, there is still hindrances in supplying just entree to indispensable attention worldwide ( WHO, 2010 )What went incorrect?Lawn et Al. ( 2008 ) explain that the Cold War significantly impeded the coveted impact outlook of the Alma Ata Declaration in the sense that planetary developmental policy at that clip was dominated by neo-liberal macro economical and societal policies. The consequence of this on poorer states of the universe peculiarly in Africa was execution of structural accommodation programmes in atte mpt to cut down budget shortage through devaluations in local currency and cuts in public disbursement. This resulted in the remotion of subsidies, cost recovery in the wellness sector and cut dorsums in the figure of medical wellness practicians that could be hired. The debut of user charges and encouragement of denationalization of services during this period had an indecent consequence on hapless people who could non afford to pay for such services. The combination of these factors therefore resulted in portion to the crippling of the quality of service that can be provided at the primary attention degree. Peoples who could afford such service resorted to wellness service offered at secondary or third attention which in most instances is hard to entree. The debut of a new construct of ‘Selective ‘ Primary Health Care as proposed within a twelvemonth of the acceptance of the Alma Ata Declaration by Walsh & A ; Warren ( 1979 ) changed the dimension of primary wellness attention. This ‘interim ‘ attack was proposed due to the trouble experienced in originating comprehensive primary wellness attention services in states with autocratic leading ( Waterston, 2008 ) . Walsh & A ; Warren ( 1979 ) argued that until comprehensive primary wellness attention can be made available to all, services that are targeted to the most of import diseases may be the most effectual intercession for bettering wellness of a population. The steps suggested include ; immunization, unwritten rehydration, chest eating and the usage of anti malarias. This selective attack was considered as being more executable, mensurable, rapid and less hazardous, taking away determination devising and command off from the community and puting it upon ad visers with proficient expertness hence doing it more attractive peculiarly to funding bureaus ( Lawn et al. , 2008 ) . An illustration of a selective primary attention attack is the Expanded Programme on Immunisation ( EPI ) . Selective primary wellness attention is concerned with supplying solutions to peculiar diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB while comprehensive primary attention as proposed the Alma Ata begins with supplying a strong community substructure and engagement towards undertaking wellness issues ( Baum, 2007 ) . The displacement in maternal, new-borne and child wellness as a consequence of programmes that removes control from the community hinders the realization of the ends of primary wellness attention as emphasized by the Alma Ata Declaration. The reversal of policy in the 1990s by the WHO and other UN bureaus to deter traditional birth attenders and advancing installation based birth with skilled forces ( Koblinsky et al. , 2006 ) is an illustration of such. The World Bank ‘s study ‘Investing in Health ‘ which was published in 1993 saw the World Bank go a great influence and major key participant in international public wellness as such robbing the WHO of the esteemed place ( Baum, 2007 ) . It considers investings for intercessions that merely hold the best impact on population wellness as such taking local control and recommending a ‘vertical ‘ attack to wellness. This move counteracts the procedure of the societal alteration described by the Alma Ata Declaration which is necessary for realization of its ends. These go to demo that consistence both in leading ( locally and globally ) , policy every bit good as good grounds ( to drive policy devising and actions ) , are of import ingredients for planetary enterprises to win.What went right?Even with the several elements that prevailed against the accomplishment of the corporate ends of the Alma Ata Declaration, several instance surveies show that when provided with a favorable environment, primary wellness attention as prescribed by the Alma Ata is sufficient to convey about a important betterment in the wellness position of any population or state. Case study 1: Primary Health Care in Gambia Using informations obtained from a longitudinal survey conducted by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council over a 15 twelvemonth period for a population of about 17,000 people in 40 small towns in Gambia, Hill et Al. ( 2000 ) compared baby and kid mortality between small town with and without primary wellness attention. The excess services that were provided in the small towns with primary wellness attention include: a small town wellness worker, a paid community nurse for every 5 small towns and a trained traditional birth attender. Maternal and kid wellness services with inoculation programme were accessible to occupants of both primary wellness attention and non primary wellness attention small towns. There was marked betterment in baby and under 5 mortality in both sets of small towns. After primary wellness attention system was established in 1983, infant mortality dropped from 134/1000 in 1982 – 83 to 69/1000 in 1992 – 94 in the primary wellness attention small towns and from 155/1000 to 91/1000 in non primary wellness attention villages over the same period of clip. Between 1982 and 83 and 1992-94, the decease rates for kids aged 1-4 fell from 42/1000 to 28/1000 in the primary wellness attention small towns and from 45/1000 to 38/1000 in the non primary wellness attention small towns. However, in 1994 when supervising of primary wellness attention was weakened, infant mortality rate in primary wellness attention small towns rose to 89/1000 for primary wellness attention small town in 1994 – 96. The rate in non primary wellness attention small town fell to 78/1000 for this period. The execution and supervising of primary wellness attention is associated with a important consequence on infant mortality rates for these groups of small towns that benefitted from the programme. Case study 2: Under 5 mortality and income of 30 states To measure the advancement for primary wellness attention in states since Alma Ata, Rohde et Al. ( 2008 ) analysed life anticipation relative to national income and HIV prevalence in order to place over accomplishing or under accomplishing states. The survey focused on 30 low income and in-between income states with the highest twelvemonth decrease of mortality among kids less than 5 old ages of age and it described coverage and equity of primary wellness attention every bit good as other non wellness sector actions. The 30 states in inquiry have scaled up selective primary attention ( immunization, household planning ) and 14 of these states have progressed to comprehensive primary attention which has been marked with high coverage of skilled birth attenders. Equity with skilled birth attending coverage across income groups was accessed every bit good as entree to clean H2O and gender inequality in literacy. These 30 states were grouped into states with selective primary attention ; mixture of selective and comprehensive primary wellness attention ; and comprehensive primary wellness attention entirely. The major participants among states with comprehensive primary wellness attention are Thailand, Brazil, Cuba, China and Vietnam. Overall, Thailand tops the list and it has comprehensive primary wellness attention. Maternal, new-borne and child wellness in Thailand were prioritised even before Alma Ata and has been able to increase coverage for immunization and household planning intercessions. The Government investing in territory wellness systems provided a foundation for comprehensive primary wellness attention in maternal, new-borne and child wellness every bit good as other indispensable services. Community wellness voluntaries besides played a important function towards Thailand ‘s medical promotion. They promoted the usage of H2O sealed latrines to better sanitation and were r eally instrumental towards the diminution of protein Calorie malnutrition in pre-school kids in the past 20 old ages ( WHO, 2010 ) . Engagement of the community wellness voluntaries is a major beginning of community engagement into wellness attention of Thailand ( ibid ) . The undermentioned factors were identified as of import lessons from high accomplishing states: accountable leading and consistent national policy advancement with clip ; constructing coverage of attention and comprehensive wellness systems with clip ; community and household authorization ; territory degree focal point which is supported by informations to put precedences for support, path consequences every bit good as identify and damages disparities ; and prioritizing equity, taking fiscal barriers for hapless households and protection against ineluctable wellness cost. Case study 3: Integration of cognitive behaviors based therapy into everyday primary wellness attention work in rural Pakistan Rahman et Al. ( 2008 ) in a cluster-randomised control survey in Pakistan shows the benefits derived when cognitive behavior therapy in postpartum depression is integrated with community based primary wellness attention. Training was provided to the primary wellness attention workers in the intercession group to present psychological intercession. The wellness attention workers besides receive monthly supervising and monitoring. Significant benefit ( lower depression and disablement tonss, overall operation and perceptual experience of societal support ) was reported in the intercession group to propose that this sort of steps as supported by the Alma Ata can drive the inaugural towards ‘Health for all ‘ . It is apparent and clear that states that practiced comprehensive primary wellness attention as enshrined by the Alma Ata reaped great benefits in footings of population wellness betterment. Although it has been argued that comprehensive primary wellness attention is excessively idealistic, expensive and unachievable ( Hall & A ; Taylor, 2003 ) , grounds suggest that it is more likely to present better wellness results with greater public satisfaction ( Macinko et al. , 2003 ) . This sort of attention can cover with up to 90 % of wellness demands in low income states ( World Bank, 1994 ) .Relevance of Alma Ata in this present clipOur present universe that has been characterised by pronounced epidemiological passage in wellness. Low income states every bit good as high income 1s are faced with increasing prevalence of non communicable every bit good as chronic disenabling disease ( Gillam, 2008 ) hence, the being of infective diseases ( malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis etc ) , and dise ases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For low income states such as sub-Sahara African Countries, this constitutes a major wellness job because their wellness systems are chiefly oriented towards supplying services inclined with maternal and child wellness, ague or episodic unwellnesss. As such current wellness systems need to hold the capacity to supply effectual direction for the current disease tendency. The Alma Ata provides a foundation for how such effectual wellness service can be provided. Because, primary wellness attention is the first line of contact an person has to wellness attention, it is therefore really influential in finding community wellness particularly when the community is to the full empowered to take part. As societies modernise, as it is the instance in our current universe, the degree of engagement additions and people want to hold a say in what affects their lives ( Garland & A ; Oliver, 2004 ) . Therefore, the degree engagement in wellness atten tion is better off and more powerful in this present clip than it was when it was the Alma Ata was adopted. Evidence suggest that the values as enshrined by the Alma Ata are going the mainstream of modernizing societies and it is a contemplation of the manner people look at wellness and what they expect from their wellness attention system ( WHO, 2008 ) . Alma Ata failed in some states because the Government of such states refused to set schemes towards prolonging a strong and vivacious primary wellness attention system that is appropriate to the wellness demands of the community such that entree is improved, engagement and partnership is encouraged and wellness is improved in general. There is no end standard guideline or manual on Alma Ata but single authoritiess have to develop their ain schemes which should be good suited towards run intoing their ain demands. The Alma Ata initiation rules is still relevant towards accomplishing these ends particularly as it brings wellness attention to peoples door measure as it encourages preparation of people to expeditiously and efficaciously present wellness services. Evidence has shown that there is a greater scope of cost effectual intercessions than was available 30 old ages ago ( Jamison et al. , 2006 ) . It is for these grounds that primary wellness attention is indispensable towards acc omplishing the millenary development ends particularly as it concerns child endurance, maternal wellness, and HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other diseases. The Alma Ata emphasises the importance of coaction as an of import tool towards presenting, developing and keeping primary wellness attention. This partnership as supported by the Alma Ata is indispensable to increase proficient and fiscal support to primary wellness attention particularly in low income states. It is a current tendency to happen an increasing mixture of private and public wellness systems every bit good as increasing private-public partnerships. Governments, giver and private administrations are now working together to advance and protect wellness unlike after Alma Ata ( OECD, 2005 ) . There is besides increased support and this is switching from selective planetary financess to beef uping wellness systems through sector broad attacks ( Salama et al. , 2008 ) . This sort of coactions is a measure in the right way and when it is strengthened harmonizing to the rules of the Alma Ata, it will non merely better the perkiness of the wellness attention system but besides b etter engagement and equity in the sense that wellness attention is more qualitative and accessible to the people. The old ages that followed after acceptance of the Alma Ata by WHO member provinces was characterised by unstable political leading and military absolutism particularly among low income states which lead to pretermit of the wellness sector. This created unfriendly environments for the development and care of stable primary wellness attention systems. In this current times nevertheless, most states have embraced the democratic system of leading that promotes equity, engagement and partnership. Health equity is continually basking prominence in the duologue of political leaders and ministries of wellness ( Dahlgren & A ; Whitehead, 2006 ) . Therefore, the environment being created is friendlier to the Alma Ata hence doing it more relevant in this clip. Thirty old ages ago, the values of equity, people centeredness, community engagement and self finding embraced by the Alma Ata was considered as being extremist but today these values have become widely portion outlooks for wellness ( WH O, 2008 ) . Our current clip has been marked by gross technological promotion which was non available in the 1970s. There is besides an increased wealth of cognition and literature on wellness and on the turning wellness inequalities between and within states all of which was non available 30 old ages ago. All these set together provides a relevant foundation to back up the Alma Ata in the present clip doing it more relevant in presenting effectual wellness attention service.DecisionThe prevalent political and economic state of affairs around the universe make the Alma Ata more relevant than it was in 1978. However, there is still necessitate for more to be done. There is demand for the revival of primary wellness attention harmonizing to the dogmas of the Alma Ata and advancement made should be systematically monitored. There is besides the demand for an increased committedness to the virtuousnesss of ‘health for all ‘ every bit good as increased committedness of resources towards p rimary wellness attention which should be driven by good grounds base. It is of import that accent be changed from individual intercessions that produce short term or immediate consequences to intercessions that will make an incorporate, long term and a sustainable wellness attention system. Even with the challenges being faced so far with full execution of the Alma Ata, the ideals are relevant still relevant now more than of all time.